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SCHOULER 283 SCHUMANN-HEINK titled "The World as Will and Idea." It appeared in 1819, and after being neg- lected for many years attracted a good deal of attention and received some sharp criticism. The practical upshot of his system, which makes will the one sole reality, is intolerable melancholy, taking from man all that constitutes his great- ness, his goodness, or his bliss. God — futurity — the soul — mere names, illu- sions; and the world of men is to him hopelessly bad. The style is brilliant; but the general effect of the work on the average mind is depressing. He pub- lished several other works of philosophy, of which the most important is "The Two Sound Problems of Ethics." He died in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Sept. 21, 1860. SCHOULER, JAMES, an American lawyer; born in Arlington, Mass., March 20, 1839; was graduated at Harvard Uni- versity in 1859; admitted to practice at the Massachusetts bar in 1862; and in the Supreme Court of the United States in 1867; became Professor of Law in Boston University and lecturer at Johns Hopkins University. He published "The Law of Domestic Relations"; "The Law of Bailments"; "The Law of Personal Property'; "Law of Wills"; "Americans of '76" (1905): and "Ideals of the Re- public" (1908). SCHREINER, OLIVE, a South Afri- can novelist; born in Basutoland, 1863. She is the daughter of a Lutheran min- ister, and was married in 1890 to Mr. Cronwright, an Englishman of the col- ony. She published her first and most noted book, "The Story of an African Farm," under the pseudonym "Ralph Iron," at the age of 20; "Dreams" (1890) ; "Dream Life and Real Life" (1893) ; "Trooper Peter Halket" (1897) ; "An English South African's View of the Situation" (1899) ; "Women and Labour" (1911); etc. She died in 1920. SCHREMBS, JOSEPH, an American Roman Catholic bishop, born at Ratisbon, Bavaria, in 1866. He removed to the United States in 1877 and was educated at St. Vincent's College, Pa., at the Grand Seminary, Montreal, and at Laval University. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1889 and served as pastor in several churches in Michigan. In 1902 he was appointed vicar general of the diocese of Grand Rapids. He was con- secrated bishop of Grand Rapids in 1911, and in the same year became bishop of the diocese of Toledo, Ohio. SCHROEDER, SEATON, an American naval officer, born at Washington, in 1849. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1868 and in the following year was appointed ensign. From 1868 to 1872 he served on the "Saginaw," "Pensacola," and "Benicia." He tool? part in the Rodgers' expedition against the Korean forts, in 1871. He served in various capacities on shore and at sea and was advanced three times in rank for eminent and conspicuous con- duct in the Spanish-American War. In 1899-1900 he was on duty at the Navy Yard at Washington, and from 1900 to 1903 he was naval governor of the Island of Guam. From 1909 to 1911 he was commander-in-chief of the Atlantic fleet. In the latter year he was retired, but continued on special duty in the Navy Department for three years. He wrote "Fall of Maximilian's Empire" (1887) and many contributions to magazines. SCHUBERT, ERANZ PETER, an Austrian composer ; born in Vienna, Aus- tria, Jan. 31, 1797. He belonged to a family distinguished for their musical talents, and from his earliest years showed a strong bent to musical studies and composition. At seven years of age he was the pupil of Michael Holzer; be- came a chorister in the imperial chapel, and the pupil of the court organist and of Salieri. He studied the works of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, and gave lessons in music for a living. The num- ber and variety of his compositions is extraordinary. The most admired is his "Songs," and among them "The Erl King," and "Ave Maria" are perhaps the best known. But he wrote also operas, sonatas, symphonies, overtures, cantatas, six masses, etc. He left numerous works unpublished at the time of his death. Schubert spent almost his whole life at Vienna, and died there Nov. 19, 1828. SCHULER, ANTHONY J., an Ameri- can Roman Catholic bishop, born in St. Marys, Pa., in 1869. He was educated at St. Stanislaus Seminary, at St. Louis University, and at Woodstock College. In 1886 he joined the Society of Jesus., and was ordained priest in 1901. For several years he was on the faculty of the Sacred Heart College of Denver, and from 1907 to 1910 he was engaged in parish work at El Paso, Tex. He was consecrated bishop of El Paso in 1915. SCHUMANN-HEINK, ERNESTINE, an American prima donna, born near Prague, Bohemia, in 1861. She was edu- cated at a convent in her native city, and made her first operatic appearance as a contralto at the Dresden Court Opera, in 1878. Later she appeared in Ham- burg and Berlin, and finally at Bayreuth, where she acquired an international repu-