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SCHUMANN 284 SCHURZ tation. Eventually she came to the United States and became a member of the Metropolitan Opera Company, N. Y., MADAME ERNESTINE SCHUMANN-HEINK for several seasons, after which she ap- peared regularly both on the operatic and on the concert stage throughout the United States. SCHUMANN, ROBERT, a German musical composer; born in Zwickau in the kingdom of Saxony, June 8, 1810. He studied law at Leipsic, but in 1830 finally devoted himself to music under the tui- tion of Friedrich Wieck and Heinrich Dorn. The daughter of the former, the celebrated pianiste, Clara Wieck (born 1819), became his wife in 1840. In 1834 he commenced his "A New Musical Pe- riodical," a journal which was to herald an ideal music, and which, for the 10 years of his more intimate connection with it, exercised an important influence on the development of the art not incom- parable with that of Lessing's "Hamburg Dramaturgy" in drama. Prior to 1840 his principal works were the "Fantasias," the "Scenes of Childhood," the "Etudes Symphoniques," the "Kreisleriana," the "Abegg" variations, the "Papillons," the "Carnival," and two sonatas in F sharp minor and G minor. In the year follow- ing his marriage he published nearly 150 songs, many on Heine's words. He then commenced his great series of orchestral works, his symphony in B flat being first performed at the close of 1841. It was followed by his "Overture Scherzo and Finale," his D minor symphony, three quartets, the piano quintet and quartet, the cantata "Paradise and the Peri," the C major symphony (1846), "Gene-' vieve" (1847); "Manfred" (1848); the Faust music (1850), the E flat symphony (1851), and other works. Under stress of work, however, his reason failed him, and after an attempt to drown himself in 1854 he was confined in a lunatic asy- lum, where he died July 29, 1856. SCHURMAN, JACOB GOULD, an American educator; born in Freetown, Prince Edward Island, May 22, 1854. He won the Gilchrist Dominion scholar- ship, 1875; was graduated at London University, 1877; was Professor of Phi- losophy in Acadia College, 1880-1882; in Dalhousie College, Halifax, 1882-1886. He became Professor of Philosophy at Cornell University and president in 1892, serving until 1920. In 1899 he was appointed president of the first Philip- pine Commission. He was minister to Greece and Montenegro in 1912-13. He has published: "Kantian Ethics" (1881); "The Ethical Import of Darwinism" (1888); "Agnosticism and Religion"; "A Generation of Cornell" (1898) ; "Report of the Philippine Commission"; "The Bal- kan Wars" (1912-13) ; "Why America Is in the War" (1917). He was also editor of the "Philosophical Review." SCHURZ, CARL, an American states- man; born in Liblar, near Cologne, Prus- sia, March 2, 1829; he was a student at CARL SCHURZ Bonn in 1847-1848. In the early part of 1848 he participated in the revolutionary movements in the Palatinate and at Ba- den, and on the defeat of the insurrec- tion fled to Switzerland to escape arrest.