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SHAFTESBURY 365 SHAFTESBURY 7th Michigan Infantry as a 1st lieuten- ant, Aug. 22, 1861; engaged in the battles of Fair Oaks, Savage Station, Glendale, and Malvern Hill; became major of the 19th Michigan Infantry, Sept. 5, 1862; was in the action at Thompson Station, Tenn. (taken prisoner in March, 1863, and exchanged in May, 1863) ; became lieutenant-colonel of the 19th Michigan Infantry, June 5, 1863; colonel of the 17th United States colored troops, April WILLIAM RUFUS SHAFTER 19, 1864; brevet brigadier-general of vol- unteers for gallant and meritorious ser- vices during the war; and was mustered out of the volunteer service Nov. 2, 1865. He entered the regular army and became lieutenant-colonel of the 41st Infantry, Jan. 26, 1867; assigned to the 24th In- fantry, April 14, 1869; colonel of 1st In- fantry, March 4, 1879; and brigadier- general May 3, 1897. On the breaking out of the Spanish-American War he was given command of the army mobilized for the invasion of Cuba; his first de- cisive move was the landing of 16,000 men in Cuba in about 12 hours without an accident. For details of this cam- paign see Spanish-American War. He commanded the Department of California in 1899-1901, and was retired June 30, 1901. He died Nov. 12, 1906. SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASS- LEY COOPER, FIRST EARL OF, an English statesman ; born in Wimborne, St. X— Cyc Giles, Dorsetshire, England, July 22, 1621. He succeeded to a baronetcy on the death of his father in 1631. After leaving Exeter College, Oxford, he stud- ied law at Lincoln's Inn, and was chosen representative for Tewkesbury in 1640. At the commencement of the Civil War he supported the royal cause, but advised mutual concession. Finding that in con- sequence of this opinion he was distrusted by the court he joined the , Parliament, and received command of its forces in Dorsetshire. When Cromwell turned out the Long Parliament, Sir Anthony was one of the members of the convention which succeeded, nevertheless he signed the protestation charging the Protector with arbitrary government, which did not, however, prevent him from becoming one of his privy-council. After the deposi- tion of Richard Cromwell he aided the restoration of Charles II. with all his influence, and in 1661 was created Baron Ashley, and appointed chancellor of the exchequer and a lord of the treasury. Yet he strongly opposed the Corporation Act (1661) and the Act of Uniformity (1662), both measures favored by the crown. He afterward became a member of the obnoxious cabal. In 1672 he was created Earl of Shaftesbury and lord high chancellor. His conduct on the bench was able and impartial, but he was de- prived of office, probably through the in- fluence of the Duke of York; and he at once became one of the most powerful leaders of the opposition. For his warmth in asserting that a prorogation of 15 months amounted to a dissolution of Par- liament he was confined in the Tower from February, 1677, to February, 1678. After his liberation he took a prominnent part in the attacks on Catholics during the popish-plot scare. In 1679 he became president of the council and the same year was instrumental in passing the Ha- beas Corpus Act. In 1681 he was in- dicted for high treason but acquitted. He entered into the plots of the Monmouth party and had to fly to Holland, where he died in Amsterdam, Jan. 21, 1683. He is the Achitophel of Dryden's famous satire. SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASH- LEY COOPER, THIRD EARL OF, an English philosophical and moral writer, grandson of the preceding; born in Exe- ter House, London, England, Feb. 26, 1671. When only 11 years of age he could read Greek and Latin with ease. In 1695 he became the representative in Parliament of Poole, in Dorsetshire, and strongly supported measures favorable to public liberty. In consequence of ill health he resigned his seat in 1698, and visited Holland as a student of physic.