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SHAG 366 SHAKERS In 1708-1709 he published several works of a philosophical character, among others a "Letter on Enthusiasm" and an "In- quiry concerning Virtue or Merit." In 1710 his rapidly declining health led him to fix his residence at Naples. His writ- ings were collected and published together under the title of "Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times." In 1716 and 1721 collections of his correspondence were published. He died in Naples, Italy, Feb. 15, 1713. SHAG, coarse hair or nap; rough woolly hair; a kind of cloth having a long coarse nap; a kind of tobacco cut into fine shreds; a shred; roughness, coarseness; in ornithology, the Phalacro- j;orax graculus, the scart, or crested cor- morant. It is smaller than the common cormorant (P. carbo) , from which it is distinguished also by its rich dark green plumage, with purple and bronze reflec- tions. Sexes colored alike. SHAGREEN, a species of leather, or rather parchment, prepared without tan- ning, from the skins of horses, asses, and camels. Shagreen is also made of the skins of otters, seals, sharks, etc. It was formerly much used for cases for spec- tacles, instruments, watches, etc. SHAH, the title given by European writers to the sovereign of Persia; in his own country he is known by the compound title Padishah. Also a chief- tain or prince. SHAHAN, THOMAS JOSEPH, an American educator; born in Manchester, N. H., Sept. 11, 1857; was educated at the American College of Rome and at the Roman Seminary; studied history at the University of Berlin in 1889-1891; and was ordained in the Roman Catholic Church in 1882. He became Professor of Church History and Patrology at the Catholic University of America in 1891. From 1905-1915 he was associate editor of the Catholic Encyclopaedia. His pub- lications include "The Blessed Virgin in the Catacombs" (1892) ; "Giovanni Bap- tista de Rossi" (1900) ; "The Beginnings of Christianity" (1903) ; "St. Patrick in History" (1905) ; etc., and special articles on church history and archaeology in periodicals. SHAH JEHAN, the 5th Mogul Em- peror of Delhi, reigned from 1627 to 1658, when he was deposed by his son Aurung- zebe. During his reign the Mogul em- pire attained a great magnificence; he founded Delhi, where he erected the cele- brated peacock throne, valued at $32,500,- 000; built the Taj Mahal at Agra, a mausoleum to his favorite wife, and sev- eral other buildings which have become architecturally famous. He died in Agra, in 1666. SHAHJAHANPTJR, a town in India, in the Northwest Provinces; 95 miles N. W. of Lucknow, in the executive district of the same name. There is a cantonment at the place, an American Methodist mission station with churches and schools; and sugar works in the neighborhood. Pop. about 71,000. SHAIRP, JOHN CAMPBELL, known as Principal Shairp, a Scotch poet, critic, and essayist; born in Houstoun, Linlith- gowshire, Scotland, July 30, 1819. He became principal of the United College, St. Andrews. Among his works are: "Kilmahoe, a Highland Pastoral, and Other Poems" (1864); "Studies in Poet- ry and Philosophy" (1868) ; "Culture and Religion" (1870) ; "Poetic Interpretation of Nature" (1877) ; "Aspects of Poetry" (1881); and, published posthumously, "Sketches in History and Poetry" (1887) ; "Glen Desseray and Other Poems" (1888). He died in Ormsary, Argyll- shire, Sept. 18, 1885. SHAKERS, a name given to an Ameri- can sect of celibates of both sexes, founded by Ann Lee, an English emi- grant, about 1776, from their using a kind of dance in their religious exercises, but who call themselves the United So- ciety of Believers in Christ's Second Ap- pearing. The chief settlement is at Mount Lebanon, N. Y. There are now less than 1,000 members. Their founder was called the Elect Lady, and Mother of all the Elect, and claimed to be the woman mentioned in Rev. xii. The Shak- ers profess to have passed through death and the resurrection into a state of grace — the resurrection order, in which the love which leads to marriage is not al- lowed, and are known as brothers and sisters. They abstain from wine and pork, live on the land and shun towns. They cultivate the virtues of sobriety, prudence, and meekness, take no oaths, deprecate law, avoid contention, and re- pudiate war. They affect to hold com- munion with the dead, and believe in angels and spirits, not as a theological dogma, but as a practical fact. Their Church is based on these grand ideas: The kingdom of heaven has come, Christ has actually appeared on earth; the per- sonal rule of God has been restored; the old law is abolished; the command to multiply has ceased; Adam's sin has been atoned; the intercourse of heaven and earth has been restored; the curse is taken away from labor; the earth, and all that is on it, will be redeemed; angels