Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 10.djvu/27

TROOPIAL broad streets, the houses being mostly of wood, though the building of new wooden houses is now forbidden by law. The (fortified) harbor is capacious, deep, and safe, but is difficult of entry. The most interesting building in the city is the venerable cathedral, a cruciform church dating partly from the 13th century, of English-Norman architecture, and un- questionably the most interesting ecclesi- astical edifice in Norway. A great fire in 1530 destroyed most of the church except the richly adorned octagonal choir (late Gothic). The church, since 1818 the place of coronation of Norwegian kings, has been carefully restored since 1880. Portions of an old archiepiscopal palace (Kongsgaard) also survive. The town is the main emporium of a wide dis- trict of country, and has a large trade by sea and land; the exports include copper ore, herrings and other fish, train oil, timber, etc. The ancient capital of Norway, originally called Nidaros, Trondhjeni was founded in 996 by Olaf Trygvason, and became in 1152 the seat of an archbishop. Its decline dates from the Reformation. It was taken by the Swedes after a siege of nine weeks, and has often been nearly destroyed by fire. Pop. about 45,000. TROOPIAL, the name common to a group of passerine birds, akin to the orioles and starlings. They mostly in- habit the southern United States, but several of them appear as birds of pas- sage in the northern States in early spring. The cow troopial, cow bird, or cow bunting, the blue bird, and the bobo- link or rice bunting, belong to this group. TROOSTITE, a variety of willemite, occurring in large opaque crystals, which are mostly impure from the presence of iron and manganese. Found with frank- linite, etc., in the State of New Jersey, TROPiEOLACEiE, Indian cresses; an order of hypogjoious exogens, alliance Malvales; smooth, twisting or twining herbs of tender texture and acrid taste. Peduncles axillary, one-flowered. Sepals three to five, generally with valvate aesti- vation, the upper one with a long spur; petals normally five, yellow, scarlet, orange, rarely blue, sometimes reduced to two or even one, convolute in aestiva- tion; stamens 6 to 10; anthers two-celled; style one; stigmas three to five; ovary one, three-cornered; three or five car- pels; ovules solitary; fruit indehiscent; seeds large, without albumen, filling the cell in which they are. Known genera 5, species 43. All from the temperate parts of America. The order was formed by the elevation of the tribe Tropasolese; 11 TROPHY now most botanists are reverting to the old arrangement. TROPJEOLUM, in botany, the Indian cress, or nasturtium; the typical genus of Tropseolacese; calyx five-parted, the upper lobe spurred, petals normally five, unequal, the three lowest small or want- ing; stamens eight, free; carpels three, kidney-shaped; fruit roundish, furrowed, indehiscent, the seed large, filling the cell; climbing plants from South Amer- ica. Those best known are T. tnajus, the great, and T. minus, the small, Indian cress or nasturtium. The leaves of the first are peltate, nerved, orbicular, somewhat lobed, the nerves not mucro- nate; petals obtuse. It was brought at first from Peru. The second species is smaller than the last, with peltate nerves, orbicular leaves, deep yellowish flowers, streaked with orange and red. The ber- ries of both species are gathered when green and made into a pickle, and used also as a garnish for dishes. T. tri- colorum. is a highly ornamental species, having the calyx wavy, scarlet, tipped with black, _ and the petals yellow. T. canat-iense is a climbing variety known as the Canary creeper. Of late years florists have succeeded in obtaining end- less rarieties of colors of Tropseolum. TROPE, in rhetoric, a term applied to a word or expression diverted from its original to a figurative signification, and thus including allegory, irony, meta- phor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. TROPHONIUS, the fabled builder of the temple of Delphi, after his death was reverenced as a hero, and had a famous oracle in a cavern near Lebadeia in Boeotia. Pausanias describes how, after purifying himself, he was drawn through the mouth of this cave by an unseen power, and all that he witnessed there. Don Quixote's fancied visit to the oracle preserves its memory. TROPHY, a monument or memorial in commemoration of a victory. It consisted of some of the arms and other spoils of the vanquished enemy, hung upon the trunk of a tree or a pillar by the victors, either on the field of battle or in the capital of the conquered nation. If for a naval victory, it was erected on the nearest land. The trophies of the Greeks and Romans were decked out with the arrns of the vanquished for land vic- tories, with the beaks of the enemy's vessels for naval engagements. In mod- ern times trophies have been erected in churches and other public buildings to commemorate a victory. Also, anything taken and preserved as a memorial of victory, as flags, standards, arms, and the like.