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⁠^[1][48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life.—The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country.]

⁠49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.—It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, ^[2][declared by or under law made by Parliament] to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be.

⁠50. Separation of judiciary from executive.—The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.

⁠51. Promotion of international peace and security.—The State shall endeavour to—

⁠(a) promote international peace and security;

⁠(b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations;

⁠(c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised peoples with one another; and

⁠(d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

[^[3]PART IVA

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

⁠51A. Fundamental duties.—It shall be the duty of every citizen of India—

⁠(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;

⁠(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;

⁠(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;

⁠(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;

⁠(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;

⁠(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;

⁠(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;

⁠(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;

——————

1. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 10 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 27, for “declared by parliament by law” (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 11 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).

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