- (i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
- (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement;
- [1][(k) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.]
PART V
THE UNION
CHAPTER I.—THE EXECUTIVE
The President and Vice-President
52. The President of India.—There shall be a President of India.
53. Executive power of the Union.—(1) The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the supreme command of the Defence Forces of the Union shall be vested in the President and the exercise thereof shall be regulated by law.
(3) Nothing in this article shall—
- (a) be deemed to transfer to the President any functions conferred by any existing law on the Government of any State or other authority; or
- (b) prevent Parliament from conferring by law functions on authorities other than the President.
54. Election of President.—The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of—
- (a) the elected members of both Houses of Parliament; and
- (b) the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
- [2][Explanation.—In this article and in article 55, “State” includes the National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union territory of *Pondicherry.]
55. Manner of election of President.—(1) As far as practicable, there shall be uniformity in the scale of representation of the different States at the election of the President.
(2) For the purpose of securing such uniformity among the States inter se as well as parity between the States as a whole and the Union, the number of votes which each elected member of Parliament and of the Legislative Assembly of each State is entitled to cast at such election shall be determined in the following manner:—
- (a) every elected member of the Legislative Assembly of a State shall have as many votes as there are multiples of one thousand in the quotient obtained by dividing the population of the State by the total number of the elected members of the Assembly;
* Now Puducherry vide the Pondicherry (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006 (44 of 2006), s. 3 (w.e.f. 1-10-2006). 37
