Page:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1827) Vol 1.djvu/187

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OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

163

CHAP. VI.
_____profusion of the son was the policy of one reign, and the inevitable ruin both of the army and of the empire. The vigour of the soldiers, instead of being confirmed by the severe discipline of camps, melted away in the luxury of cities. The excessive increase of their pay and donatives ^[1] exhausted the state to enrich the military order, whose modesty in peace, and service in war, is best secured by an honourable poverty. The demeanour of Caracalla was haughty and full of pride; but with the troops he forgot even the proper dignity of his rank, encouraged their insolent familiarity, and, neglecting the essential duties of a general, affected to imitate the dress and manners of a common soldier.

Murder of Caracalla.It was impossible that such a character, and such a conduct as that of Caracalla, could inspire either love or esteem ; but as long as his vices were beneficial to the armies, he was secure from the danger of rebellion. A secret conspiracy, provoked by his own jealousy, was fatal to the tyrant. The pretorian prefecture was divided between two ministers. The military department was intrusted to Adventus, an experienced rather than an able soldier ; and the civil affairs were transacted by Opilius Macrinus, who, by his dexterity in business, had raised himself, with a fair character, to that high office. But his favour varied with the caprice of the emperor; and his life might depend on the slightest suspicion, or the most casual circumstance. Malice or fanaticism had suggested to an African, deeply skilled in the knowledge of futurity, a very dangerous predic-

↑ Dion (1. Ixxviii. p. 1343.) informs us, that the extraordinary gifts of Caracalla to the army amounted annually to seventy millions of drachmae (about two millions three hundred and fifty thousand pounds.) There is another passage in Dion, concerning the military pay, infinitely curious; were it not obscure, imperfect, and probably corrupt. The best sense seems to be, that the pretorian guards received twelve hundred and fifty drachmae (forty pounds) a year. Dion, 1. Ixxvii. p. 1307. Under the reign of Augustus, they were paid at the rate of two drachmae, or denarii, per day, seven hundred and twenty a year. Tacit. Annal. i. 17. Doraitian, who increased the soldiers' pay one fourth, must have raised the pretorians to nine hundred and sixty drachmae. Gronovius de Pecunia Vetere, 1. iii. c. 2. These successive augmentations ruined the empire, for, with the soldiers' pay, their numbers too were increased. We have seen the pretorians alone increased from ten thousand to fifty thousand men.

[1] Dion (1. Ixxviii. p. 1343.) informs us, that the extraordinary gifts of Caracalla to the army amounted annually to seventy millions of drachmae (about two millions three hundred and fifty thousand pounds.) There is another passage in Dion, concerning the military pay, infinitely curious; were it not obscure, imperfect, and probably corrupt. The best sense seems to be, that the pretorian guards received twelve hundred and fifty drachmae (forty pounds) a year. Dion, 1. Ixxvii. p. 1307. Under the reign of Augustus, they were paid at the rate of two drachmae, or denarii, per day, seven hundred and twenty a year. Tacit. Annal. i. 17. Doraitian, who increased the soldiers' pay one fourth, must have raised the pretorians to nine hundred and sixty drachmae. Gronovius de Pecunia Vetere, 1. iii. c. 2. These successive augmentations ruined the empire, for, with the soldiers' pay, their numbers too were increased. We have seen the pretorians alone increased from ten thousand to fifty thousand men.

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