Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 3.djvu/1159

TIMOTHEUS. their own interests in the island. (Diod. xvi. 7 ; Dam. Olynili. i. p. 11, dc Chers. p, 108, c. Androt. p. 597 ; Aesch. c. Ctes. p. 65.) In the following year the Social War broke out ; and in the second campaign of it (b. c. 356) Tiniotheus, Iphicrates, and Menestheus were joined with Chares as com- manders of the Athenian fleet. The circumstances which followed are variously related. According to Diodorus, Chares vainly endeavoured to induce his colleagues to engage the enemy in a storm, and, on their refusal, wrote to the people, accusing them of treachery. The account of C. Nepos is that Chares, having risked a battle in spite of the weather, was defeated, and, in order to screen himself, laid the blame on the other generals for not supporting him. Any how they were recalled, and Iphicrates and Menestheus were brought to trial first, the prosecution being conducted by Ari- stophon the Azenian. They were acquitted ; but Timotheus was nevertheless afterwards arraigned, probably in b. c. 354, and condemned to the crush- ing fine of 100 talents (more than 24,000/.). From Dein.irchus we learn that the main charge against him was the having received bribes from the Chians and Khodians, and the truth of this, if we follow the common reading in the passage (Dein. c. Dem. p. 92), he himself confessed. According to Iso- crates, his condemnation was caused chiefly by his haughty and unbending demeanour, and by his re- fusal to pay court to the people and the popular orators. Be that as it may, he was nnable to pay the fine, and withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died shortly after. The Athenians subsequently remitted nine-tenths of the penalty, and allowed his son Conon to expend the remainder on the repair of the walls, which the famous Conon had restored. (Isocr. Ilepi 'AvrtS, §§ 137, &c. ; Diod. xvi. 21 ; C. Nep. Tim. 3, 4 ; Deinarch. c. Philocl. p. 110 ; Ael. V. H. iii. 47, xiv. 3 ; Perizon. ad be.) The character of Timotheus was marked by mildness and amiability, even though we should set against this the haughtiness and the somewhat pre- sumptuous self-reliance which his brilliant successes seem to have produced in him. Like his contem- poraries Chabrias and Chares, he preferred residing abroad when he could, — a preference which may be ascribed at least as much to the glaring evils of the Athenian democracy as to the luxurious pro- pensities which have been, on no very strong grounds, imputed to him. The eloquence and learning which were united with his military ta- lents, must be traced in a great measure to his in- timate friendship with Isocrates, who frequently attended him in his campaigns, and wrote his de- spatches for him. As a general he possessed some of the highest qualities, and held in contempt that fiery rashness which, as in the case of Chabrias, forgets the special duties of the commander in the mere dashing gallantry of the soldier. (Ael. V. H. ii. 10, 18 ; Ath. X. p. 419, c, d., xii. p. 532, b. ; Cic. Tusc. Quaest v. 35, de Oral. iii. 34, de Of. i. 32 ; Nep. Chabr. 3 ; Plut. SulL 6, Reg. et Imp. Apoph. Tim. 2.) 3. Son of Clearchus, the tyrant of Heracleia on the Euxine. After the death of his father in B. c. 353, he succeeded to the sovereignty, under the guardianship, at first, of his uncle Satyrus, and lield the rule for fifteen years. There is extant a letter addressed to him by Isocrates, in which the rhetorician commends him for his good qualities, TIMOTHEUS. 1147 gives him some very common-place ad rice, and re- commends to his notice a friend of his, named Autocrator, the bearer of the epistle. (Diod. xvi. 36 ; Wess. ad loc. ; Memn. ap. Phot. Bibl. 224 ; Isocr. Ep. ad Tim.) [Clearchus.] 4. An Athenian, of the priestly family of the Eumolpidae, whom Ptolemy Lagi brought over to Egypt, to preside over and interpret religious rites and ceremonies. He was consulted by the king when, in consequence of a dream, he was contem- plating the introduction of the foreign deity Se- rapis. (Tac. Hist. iv. 83 ; Plut. de Is. et Osir. 28.) [E. E.] TIMOTHEUS (TL^Seeos), literary. 1. An Athenian comic poet of the Middle Comedy, of whose plays we have the following titles, Kvvdpiov (Ath. vi. p. 243, d ; Suid,), Uvkttjs, TlapaKara- OrjKr), and MeT a§ax6fx^vos or Meracpepofxei/os. The only fragments of his dramas extant are the three lines quoted by Athenaeus from the first of the above plays, and three other lines, without the title of the comedy to which they belong {Append. Florent. ad Stob. p. 23. 7, ed. Gaisford). Three of the above titles are identical with those of plays ascribed to other poets ; namely, there is a IIvKTris by Timocles, a TlapaKaraQrjKr} by Aristophon, So- pater, Sophilus, and Timostratus, and a Mera- (pepofxeuos by Poseidippus. The KvkAco^, which Harless adds to the list of the comedies of Timo- theus, is evidently the title of a work of the cele- brated dithyrambic poet Timotheus. (Fabric. Bibl. Grace, vol. ii. p. 505 ; Meineke, Frag. Coin. Graec. vol. i. p. 428, vol. ii. p. 589 ; Editio Minor, p. 798.) 2. The celebrated musician and poet of the later Athenian dithyramb, was a native of Miletus, and the son of Thersander (Steph. Byz. s. v. MiArjTos ; Marin. Far. Ep. 77 ; Alex. Aetol. ap. Macrob. Sat. v. 22 ; Suid. s. v.). Suidas calls him a son of Thersander, or Neomysus, or Philopolis ; but, as Schmidt observes, when Suidas mentions several names for a person's father, the first is usually the one which he has obtained from the best authorities ; and the same scholar has sug- gested that the name Neo/iucrou should perhaps be read Neo/xoutrou, which is very likely to be the in- vention of a comic poet, in allusion to the inno- vations made by Timotheus in music. {Diatribe in Dithyramb, pp. 96, 97.) The date of Timotheus is marked by the an- cients with tolerable precision. According to the Parian marble, he died in b. c. 357, in the nine- tieth year of his age, which would place his birth in B.C. 446; but Suidas {s.v.) says that he lived ninety-seven years. The period at which he flourished is described by Suidas as about the times of Euripides, and of Philip of Macedon ; and he is placed by Diodorus with Philoxenus, Telestes, and Polyeidus, at 01. 95, b. c. 398. (Diod. xiv. 46). The absence of any mention of Timotheus by Aristophanes (unless we suppose him to have been one of the many Timothei who, as the Scholiast on the Fluius, v. 180, tells us, were attacked by the poet) is a proof that he could not have attained to much eminence before the date mentioned by Diodorus ; but yet it must have been before that year that liis innovations in music began to attract public attention ; for we have the testimony not only of Suidas, but also of Plutarch (see below) to the fact of his commencing his career during the life-time of Euripides, and we have also