involved in war with the colonists from Pallene, Philoctetes assisted the Rhodians, and was slain. His tomb and sanctuary, in which heifers were sacrificed to him, were shown at Macalla. (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 911, 927.)
PHILODAMEIA (Φιλοδάμεια), one of the
daughters of Danaus, became by Hermes the mother
of Pharis. (Paus. iv. 30. § 2, vii. 22. § 3 ; corap.
Pharis.) [L. S.]
PHILODA'MUS, of Bassus, a chaser in gold,
mentioned in a Latin inscription. (Gruter, p.
dcxxxviii. 10). [P. S.]
PHILODE'MUS (Φιλόδημος), an Argive, was
sent by Hieronymus, king of Syracuse, to Han-
nibal in B.C. 215, to propose an alliance. In B. c.
212, when Marcellus was besieging Syracuse, we
find Philodemus governor of the fort of Euryalus,
on the top of Epipolae, and this he surrendered to
the Romans on condition that he and his garrison
should be allowed to depart uninjured to join
Epicydes in Achradina. (Polyb. vii. 7 ; Liv. xxiv. 6,
XXV. 25.) [E. E.]
PHILODE'MUS (Φιλόδημος) of Gadara, in Pa-
lestine, an Epicurean philosopher and epigrammatic
poet, contemporary with Cicero, who makes a vio-
lent attack upon him, though without mentioning
his name, as the abettor of Piso in all his profligacy
(Cic. in Pis. 28, 29), though in another place he
speaks of him in the following high terms : — " Si-
ronem et Philodemum cum optimos vivos, turn doc-
tissimos homines' (De Fin. ii. 35) ; and indeed, in
the former passage, while attacking his character,
he praises his poetical skill and elegance, his
knowledge of philosophy, and his general inform-
ation, in the highest terms. From the language of
Cicero, it may be inferred that Philodemus was
one of the most distinguished Epicurean philoso-
phers of his time, and that he lived on terms of
intimacy with men of the highest rank in Rome.
He is also mentioned by Diogenes Laertius (x. 3),
by Strabo (xvi. p. 759), and by Horace (Sat. i. 2. 121).
His epigrams were included in the Anthology of Philip of Thessalonica, and he seems to have been the earliest poet who had a place in that collection. The Greek Anthology contains thirty-four of them, which are chiefly of a light and amatory character, and which quite bear out Cicero's statements con- cerning the licentiousness of his matter and the elegance of his manner. Of his prose writings Diogenes (I.e.) quotes from the tenth book τῆς τῶν φιλοσόφων συντάξεως, and a MS. has been disco- vered at Herculaneum containing a work by him on music, περὶ μουσικῆς. (Menag. ad Diog. L'dert. I. c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iii. p. 609, iv. p. 491 ; Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 83 ; Jacobs, Anih. Graec. vol. ii. p. 70 , xiii. p. 937 ; Orelli, Onom. Tullian.siv.') [P. S.]
PHILO'DICE (Φιλοδίκη), a daughter of Inachus
and the wife of Leucippus, by whom she became
the mother of Hilaeira and Phoebe. (Apollod, iii.
10. § 3 ; comp. Dioscuri.) [L. S.]
PHILODOTUS (Φιλόδοτος), a physician of
whom Alexander Trallianus[1] (De Medic, i. 17,
p. 165) tells an anecdote of the ingenious way in
which he cured a melancholy and hypochondriacal
patient, who fancied he had had his head cut off.
Philodotus suddenly put on his head a leaden hat,
the weight of which made the poor man think that
he had recovered his head, so that he was free from
his fancy ever after. Of the date of Philodotus it
can only be said that he must have lived in or
before the sixth century after Christ. [ W. A. G.]
PHILOE'TIUS (Φιλοίτιος), the celebrated cow-
herd of Odysseus, who is frequently mentioned in
the Odyssey (xx.24, 185,254, xxi.240, 388, xxii.
359.) [L. S.]
PHILO'GENES. 1. A slave or freedman of
Atticus, frequently mentioned in Cicero's letters
{ad Jit. V. 1 3, 20,' vi. 2, 3, &c.).
2. A geographer of Italy, spoken of by Tzetzes (ad Lycophr. 1085).
PHILOLA'US (Φιλόλαος), that is, friend of the
people, was a surname of Asclepius, under which
he had a temple in Laconia (Paus. iii. 22. § 7).
It occurs also as the proper name of a son of Minos
and the nymph Pareia, in Pares. (Apollod. ii. 9.
§ 5, iii. 1. § 2.) [L. S.]
PHILOLA'US (Φιλόλαος), a Corinthian of the
house of the Bacchiadae, Having become ena-
moured of a youth named Diodes, and the latter
having quitted Corinth, Philolaus accompanied him.
They settled in Thebes, where Philolaus proposed
some laws, which were adopted by the Thebans
(Aristot. Pol. ii. 9). [C. P. M.]
PHILOLA'US (Φιλόλαος), a distinguished Py-
thagorean philosopher. According to Diogenes
Laertius (viii. 84) he was born at Crotona ; ac-
cording to other authorities (lamblich. Vit. Pyth.
36) at Tarentum. It is more probable that these
are varying statements with regard to the same
person, than that two different persons of the same
name are referred to. The most secure datum for
ascertaining the age of Philolaus is the statement
of Plato (Phaed. p. 61, d.) that he was the instructor
of Simmias and Cebes at Thebes. This would
make him a contemporary of Socrates, and agrees
with the statement that Philolaus and Democritus
were contemporaries (Apollod. ap. Diog. La'trt.
ix. 38). The statement that after the death of
Socrates Plato heard Philolaus in Italy, which
rests only on the authority of Diogenes Laertius
(iii. 6), may safely be rejected. Philolaus is not
mentioned among the Pythagorean teachers of
Plato by Cicero, Appuleius, or Hieronymus (In-
terpr. ad Diog. La'trt. iii. 6). Philolaus lived for
some time at Heracleia, where he was the pupil of
Aresas, or (as Plutarch calls him) Arcesus (lam-
blich. Vit. Pyth. c. 36, comp. Pint, de Gen. Socr.
13, though the account given by Plutarch in the
passage referred to involves great inaccuracies, see
Bockh, Philolaos, p. 8). The absurd statement of
lamblichus (c. 23) that Philolaus was a pupil of
Pythagoras, is contradicted by himself elsewhere
(c. 31), where he says that several generations in-
tervened between them. The date when Philolaus
removed to Thebes is not known. Bockh (ilnd.
p. 10) conjectures that family connections induced
Philolaus and Lysis to take up their abode in
Thebes ; and we do, in point of fact, hear of a
Philolaus of the house of the Bacchiadae, who gave
some laws to the Thebans. (See the preceding
article.) That Philolaus was driven out of Italy
at the time when the Pythagorean brother-
hood was broken up (i. e. shortly after the over-
throw of Sybaris), is inconsistent with the chrono-
logy, though it is possible enough that there may
have been, at a later period, more than one expul-
sion of Pythagoreans who attempted to revive in
- ↑ It is probable, however, that the true reading in this passage is Philotimus. [Philotimus.]
