Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/492

474 CAI.ABRIA. (Flor. i. 20; Zonar. viii. 7, p.l28 ; Fast Capit. /. c.) It is remarkable that throughout this period the Sallentini alone are mentioned bj Roman historians; the name of the Galabri, which was afterwards ex- tended to the whole province, not being found in history until after the Roman conquest. The Sal- lentini are mentioned as revolting to Hannibal during the Second Punic War, B.C. 213, but were again reduced to subjection. (Liv. xxv. 1, xxvii.36.) Calabria was includ^ by Augustus in the Second Region of Italy; and under the Roman empire appears to have been generally united for adminis- trative purposes with the neighbouring province of Apulia, in the same manner as Lucnnia was with Bruttium, though we sometimes find them sepa- rated, and it is clear that Calabria was never in- cluded under the name of Apulia. (Plin. iii. 11. 8. 16; Lib. Colon, pp. 260, 261; Notit. Dign. ii. pp^ 64, 125; Orell. Inscr. 1 126, 1178, 2570, 3764.) After the fall of the Western Empire its possession was long and fiercely disputed between die Greek emperors and the Goths, the Lombards and the Saracens: but from its proximity to the shores of Greece it was one of the last portions of the Italian peninsula in which the Byzantine emperors main- tained a footing; nor were they finally expelled till the establishment of the Norman monarchy in the 11th century. It is to this period that we must refer the singular change by which the name of Calabria was transferred from the province so de- signated by the Romans to the region now known by that name, which coincides nearly with the limits of the ancient Bruttium. The cause, as well as the exact period of this transfer, is uncertain; but it seems probable that the Byzantines extended the name of Calabria to all their possessions in the S. of Italy, and that when these were reduced to a small part of the S£. peninsula about Hydruntum and the lapygian promontory, they still comprised the greater part of the Bruttian peninsula, to which, as the more important possession, the name of Cala- bria thus came to be more particularly attached. Paulus Diaconns in the 8th century still employs the name of Calabria in the Roman sense; but the usage of Italian writers of the 10th and 11th cen- turies was very fluctuating, and we find Constantine Porphyrogenitus, as well as Liutprand of Cremona in the 1 0th century, applying the name of Calabria, sometimes vaguely to tiie whole of Southern Italy, sometimes to the Bruttian peninsula in particular. After the Norman conquest the name of Calabria seems to have been definitively established in its modem sense as applied only to the southern ex- tremity of Italy, the ancient Bruttium. (P. Diac. JlisL Ijang. ii. 22 ; Const. Poi-phyr. de Provinc. ii. 10, 11; Liutpr. Cremon. iv. 12; Lupus Protospat. ad arm. 901 , 981 ; and other chroniclers in Muratori, Scrlptores Jier. JtcU. vol. v.) The whole province of Calabria does not contain a single stream of sufficient magnitude to be termed a river. Pliny mentions on the N. const a river of the name of lapyx, the situation of which is wholly unknown; another, which he calls Pactius, was situated (as we learn from the Tabula, where the name is written laaiium) between Brundusium and Balelium, and probably answers to the modem Canale del Cefalo, which is a more watercourse. On the S. coiist the two little rivers in the neigh- bourhood of Tarentiim, called the Galaesus and the Taras, though much mure celebrated, are scarcely more considerable. Oalabria. Strabo tells us (p. 281 ) that the lapygian penin- sula in the days of its prosperity contained thirteen cities, but that these were in his time all decayed and reduced to small towns, except Brundusium and Tarentum. B4»ides these two important cities, wo find the following towns mentioned by Pliny, Ptolemy, and others, of which the sites can be fixed with certainty. Beginning from Brundusium, and pro- ceeding southwards to the lapygian Promontory, were Balbtium, Lupiae, Rudiae, Hydrustum, Castuum MiNERVAB, Basta, and Vehetum. Close to the promontory there stood a small town called Leuca, from which the headland itself is now called Capo di Leuca [Iapyoium Puom.]; from thence towards Tarentum we find either on or near the coast, Uxentum, Aletium, Callipolis, Neketcm, and Manduria. In the interior, on the confines of Apulia, was Caelia, and on the road from Tarentum to Bmndnsium stood Hyria or Uria, the ancient capital of the Messapians. South of this, and still in the interior, were Solbtum, Sturnium, and Fratuertium. Bauota or Bau- bota (Batfora), a town mentioned only by Ptolemy as an inland city of the Sallentini, has been placed conjecturally at Pasabita, Carbina (Athen. L c.) is supposed by Romanelli to be the modem Caro- vigno, Sallentia, mentioned only by Stephanns Byzantinus («. v.), is quite unknown, and it may be doubted whether there ever was a town of the name. [Sallektini.] Messapia (Plin.) is supposed by Italian topographers to be Mesagne, between Taren- tum and Bmndnsium, but there is great doubt as to the correctness of the name. The two timiis of Mesochoron and Scamnum, placed by the Tabula upon the same line of road, would appear fix>m the distances given to correspond with the villages now called Grottaglie and Latiano, (Romanelli, vol. ii. pp.115, 129.) The Portns Sasina, mentioned by Pliny as the point where the peninsula was the narrowest, has been supposed to be the Porto Cesar&>f about half way between Taranto and GaU /»po/t (Romanelli, vol. ii. p. 51); while the Portns Tarentinus, placed by the same author between Bmndnsium and Hydruntum, has been identified with a large saltwater lake N. of OtrantOj now called Limene ; the Statio Miltopae (Plin. l,c.) appears to have been in the same neighbourhood, but the site assigned it at Torre di S. Cataldo is purely conjectural. (Id. pp. 81, 106.) The names of Senum and Sarmadinm, found in many MSS. and editions of Pliny, rest on very doubtful authority. The only islands off the coast of Calabria arc some mere rocks immediately at the entrance of the port of Brundusium, one of which is baid to have been called Barra (Plin. iii. 26. s. 30; Fest. v. Barium); and two rocky islets, scarcely more considcniblc, off the port of Tarentum, known as the CiioKiiADES. (Thuc. vii. 33.) The only ancient lines of roads in Calabria were : one that led from Brundusium to the Sallentine or lapygian Promontory, another from Tarentum to the same point : and a cross line from Bmndnsium direct to Tarentum. The first appears to have been a continuation of the Via Tngana, and was probably constmcted by that emperor. It proceeded from Brundusium through Lupiae to Hydrantum, and thence along the coast by Castra Minervae to the Promontory, thence the southem line led by Veretum, Uxentum, Aletia, Neretum and Manduria to Ta- rentum. The distance from Brundusium to Ta-