Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/280

GYENUS. rJapos). Under Hhe Boman emjAre it was used as a place of banishment, and was one of the most dreaded spots employed for that purpose : — " Aude aliquid brevibos Gjaris et carcere dignnm." (Juv. i. 73 ; comp. Tac Ann. iii. 68, 69, iv. 30 ; PluL de Eactil. 8.) Among others, the pl:J]osopher guns was banished ^ O yiy na^ in the reigj^of jero. (Philostr. ViL ApolL vii. 1(5.') "TrrtBe unte of the Antoiiines a purple fisheiy was carried on here by divers. (Lucian, Toxar, 18.) The island is now aninhabitei, except in the summer time by a few shepherds who take care of the flocks sent there bj some of the inhabitants of Syros, to whom the island now belongs. It is called rii Vtoiiptij pro- nounced Jura. (Tonmefort, Voyaffe^ 4^, yoI. i. p. 263, Engl. Transl. ; Ross, Reiten aufden Griech. Jnsdn, vol. i. p. 5, vol. ii. p. 170, seq. ; Fiedler, Reiae durch Grieehenlandf vol. ii. p. 158, seq.) ^ GYENUS. [CYAHEua.] GYGAEUS LACUS (Fvyala Xtfufn: Mermen), a kke in Phrygfa, on the road from Thyatira to Sardes, between the rivers Hermus and Hyllus. (Uom. II. ii. 864, xx. 391 ; Herod, i. 93; Strab. xiii. p. 626; Plin. v. 30.) This kke was afterwards called C<M, and near it was the necropolis of Sardes. . It was said to have been made by human hsoids, to receive the waters which inundated the plain. (Comp. Hamilton's Betearches, vol. i. p. 145.) [L. S.] GYMNE'SIAE. [Balbarbs.] GY'MNIAS (Tv/iyias, Xen. Andb. iv. 7. § 19; called Gymnasia by Died. Sic. xiv. 29), ** a great, flourishing, and inhabited dty," which the Ten Thousand reached, in seven marches, after they had made the passage of the Harpasus. (Xen. I c.) Colonel Chesney {Exped, EvpkraL vol. ii. p. 232) thinks that it may be represented by the small town of Gemerif on the Kctrd Sti, an affluent of the river rrdU But Mr. Grote (EisL of Greece, vol. ix. p. 161X ^th reason, thinks it b more probably the same as G^miech-Khdnciy on the road from Trebi- zond to Erterum, ** celebrated as the site oi the most ancient and considerable silver mines in the Ottoman dominions." (Hamilton, Asia Minor, vol. i. pp. 168, 234.) The existence of these mines, as Mr. Grote observes, furnishes a plausible expUination of that which would be otherwise surprising, the existence of so important a city in the midst of such barbarians as the Ghalybes, Scythini, and Macrones. [E. B. J.] GYNAECCPOLIS {CoyaiK&woKu, Strab. xvii. p. 803; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. v. 9. § : Eth, Tuycu- KoiroAfTiff), was, according to the ancient geogra- phers, the chief town of the Gynaecopolite nome, and coins bearing its impress in the age of Hadrian are still extant Many writen doubt, however, whether there was such a nome or such a city. The name seems rather allusive to circumstances unknown than to the proper appellation of a place, and Stephanus of By- zantium relates no less than three I^ends by way of accounting for it: — (1) The women maintained the town against a hostile inroad, during the absence of their husbands and male relatives. (2) A woman whose sons had been maltreated by a king, took up arms and expelled him. (3) The men of Nauoratis were afflicted with the plague; and while all other of the Aegyptian cities kept them at bay, the Gy- naecopolites, through cowardice, admitted them, and were named women for their pains. Each of these stories is palpably an attempt to explain the name. D*Anvilleconjectures that Gynaeco^lis is but au- ^t/t^ (y^ ^? ^ ^'. /•' '« ^/' ', /'*■' ♦ ' / < ." / GYBTON. 1021 other name ibr Anthylla in the Delta. That city, as Herodotus (ii. 97, 98) relates, was appointed by the Pharaohs to furnish the Egyptian queens with sandals or some articles of female attire. The tribute of pin-money procured for the place the appellation of Gynaecopolis, or " Woman-ton :" but see Ajithylla. [W.B.D.] GYNDES (r&*9», Herod, i. 189; v. 52), a river which has been considered to belong in part to both Assyria and Susiana; as the upper course of its stream, from the mountains of Mttiene, in which it takes its rise, passes through part of the former country, while the latter part belongs to Susiana, if its identification with the Kerkhah is admissible. Herodotus is not clear in his account of the river: In one place (i. 189), where he speaks of Cyrus's crossing it, his account would answer best with the position of the modem IHala, which enters the Tigris near the ancient Ctesiphon : in another place (v. 52), he seems to imply a river at no great distance from the Choaspes and Susa. Hence the most contra- dictory views of geographers. Bennell {Geogr. of Herod, vol. i. p. 266) has, in (Hie place, conjectured that the Gyndes is the present I)iala; in another, the Mendeli. Larcher has thought that Herodotus means only one and the same river, and that the MendeH best represents it D'Anville appears to have thought there were three rivers cf the name. On the whole, it is probable that the Mendeli was the ancient Gyndes ; while it can hardly have been the Kerkhah, as Forbiger has supposed. It is clear that Herodotus had himself a veiy indistinct notion of it,a8 he makes the Gyndes and Araxes (the Araa) both flow from the mountains of Matiene (i. 202). [V.] GYBISCENI (Tvpurolyoi), a people of Hispania Baetica, in the neighbourhood of Castulo. (Plut. Sertor. 3 ; Ukert, vol. ii. pt 1. p. 410.) [P. S.l GYBTON, or GYBTONA (Tvfni&y, Thuc, Polyb., Strab. ; TvfnArn, Hom, : Eth. Tvpr^vios : Talari), a town of Perrhaebia m Thessaly, situated in a fertile plain between the rivers Titaresius and Pe- neius. Its site is represented by the modem village of Tat&ri. Strabo, indeed, connects Gyrton with the mouth of the Peneius (ix. pp. 439, 441), and the Epitomiser of the seventh book (p. 329) places it near the foot of Mt. Olympus ; but it is evident from the description of Livy, whose account has been derived from Polybius, that it stood in some part of those plains in which Phalanna, Atrax, and Larissa were situated. (Liv. xxxvL 10, xlii. 54.) It was only one day's march from Phalanna to Gyrton (Liv. xlii. 54) ; and the Scholiast on Apollonius (i. 40) says that Gyrton was near Larissa. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 382, vol. iv. p. 534.) It was an ancient town, mentioned by Homer (Jl ii. 738), and continued to be a place of importance till later times, when it is called opulent by Apollonius Bhodius (i. 57). It was said to have been the original abode of the Phlegyae, and to have been founded by G} rton, the brother of Phlegyas. (Strab. ix. p. 442 ; Steph. B. s. v, Tvpr^.) COIN OF OY;tTo^^ f