Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/339

1080 HISPANIA. Hisp. 43 ; Flor. I. c. Celtiberi.) From this time it becomes difficult, from the paucity of materials, to give a ooasecative account of the progress of the Roman arms ; nor would the details be very inter- esting. The war seems to have been more or less constant, in the valleys of the Tagus and the Durius, with various ti'ibes, among which the most con- spicuous are tlie Vaccaei and the Lus(TA:ri ; what was guned by the skill and wisdom of one general being genenJIy put to hazard by the cupidity and oppressions of anotlier. On the whole it seems probable that, before the epoch of the Macedonian War (b.c. 171), the domination of Borne had been extended over the whole peninsula, except the moun- tainous regions of the north, and the mountain fastnesses of the centre. In b. c. 153, some new provocation, the exact nature of which is obscure [Celtiberi a], drove the Celtiberians into open revolt, and the consul Q. Fulvius Nobilior made an unsuccessful campaign against them. (Li v. EpiL lib. xlvii ; Appian, Hisp. 4 4 4 7.) The consul of the next year, the celebrated M. Claudios Marcellus, concluded an armistioe with them on very fair terms, and turned his arms against the Lusitanlans. But his modeintion was alike distasteful to the Senate, who demanded an unconditional submission, and to his successor in the consulthip, L. Licinius Lucnllus (b. c. 151), who renewed the war with much cruelty and avarice, but with little success, against a part of the Celtiberians; but he gained some advantages against the Vaccaei and Caktabri, and other peoples as yet unknown to the Romans. (Polyb. XXXV. 3, 4 ; Li v. £pU. xlviii ; Appian, Jffitp, 51 — 55.) After the war had lasted for four years, b. c. 153 — 149 (a period which is therefore sometimes called " the First Celtiberian War,** to distinguish it from the war of Numantia, which was, in ftct, but its continuation), it appears to have been suspended, partly because the attention of Rome was now occupied with the Third Punic War (b. a 149), but still more on account of the more serious occupation which the cruelty and treachery of LucuUus and the praetor Galba had made for the two armies of Spain in the groat war against the Lusitanians and Viriathus, wLioh was only finished by the consul D. Junius Brutus, in B. a 138. [LusiTANiA.] Brutus, remaining in his province of Further Spain as proconsul, devoted the next year to the completion of the conquest of Lusitania, and then inarched ac^ross the river Durins {Bouro) into the country of the Callaici Bracarii, into which no Roman army had ever before pene- trated, and advanced as far as the Minius (JftnAo), though his conquests can hardly have been perma- nent [Gallaecia.] Meanwhile the state of affiurs in the other province, Hither Spain, had become critical; and the Celti- berians, long known as the bravest and most noble- minded of the Spaniards, were engaged in tliat final struggle which was only quelled by the skill and the stern resolution of tlie younger Scipio Africanus. In b. c. 143 Q. CaeciUus Metellus Macedonicus had entered his province of Hither Spain with the reso- lution to confirm, by its final conquest, the fame he had already acquired in Macedonia; and he gained great successes against the Celtiberians. (Li v. Epit liiL; Val. Max. ix. 3. § 7, vii. 4. § 5, ill 2. § 21; Appian, Hisp. 76; Eutrop. iv. 16.) The reverses of his successor Q. Pompeius, the varied fortunes of the war, and its conclusion by Scipio, belong to the histoiy of NuMAHTU, whose &11 and detraction HISPANL/L established the Roman dominioo in Central Span, B. a 133; and left nothing to be dooe except the subjection of* the Cantabri and Astukes, vUck was effected by Augustus in B.C. 2.5. (See the articles: the Wan of Sertorius and those of Caesir belong to the internal history of Rome; and only d»- serve notice here on account of their effect io still fur- ther consolidating theBoman power in the pemustla.) The Romans lud thus been long quietly efiUb&bei in the south and east; and in the centre the ffflistari preseace of Roman armies, and the settlenMiits <f Roman veterans, had necessarily exerted a great ia- flnence on the language and manners of the natiw, besides infusing into the population do small afasie of Roman blood. And, during the whole period «f two centuries, no other foreign influence had beta brought to bear upon the people: we hear onh of one invanon by barbarians, that of the CiXBBt, who, after their great victory over lianlins asd Caepio (b.c. 105), turned off into Spain, vfaieii they ravaged in the most fearful manner for the greater part of two years (b. a 104. 103), nntil the desperate reeastance of the Celtiberians indoced thoa to give up the hope of a permanent cooqnest, and te retire from the peninsula. (Niebuhr, L,ecL Hist, vol ii. p. 330.) Under Augustus the Romanisiiig carried on by the foundaticHi of many and rerj siderable colonies, as, for example, Caesar AcocsrA {Zarttgoza), £mebita Acgcsta (Afen'db), Pax Julia (,Beja Pax Augusta {Bade^oz Legio VI L Gbuin A {Leon)^ and others. These cities ne adorned with some of the finest productions of Eobsb architecture, of many of which magnificent nins still renuiin. The system of internal coromunicatioD also, wluck had been commenced as early as B. c. 124 (Pulyk iiL 39 ; Freinsheim, SuppL Liv. IxL 72), and hmber developed hy Pompey's military roads om the Py- renees (Sallust, Frag. Hist iii. p. 820, Cort.), v» II ade tolerably complete by Augustus. Tbns the peninsula, with all its natural advantages^ waa laid open to travellers and settlers, who flocked over the Pyrenees to all quarters of the land ; so that, by the time of Strsbo, the Turdetani in the Sl, and the people about the Baetis in general, had been eotiretf converted to Roman manners (rcAcwr cir t^ 'Pw. fjuiivy fUTaJ64€riVTat rpovoy), and they had em forgotten their own language. Most of them had obtained the civitas Latinaf and had received Romsa settlers; so that little was wanting of their beizig aO Romans. The Iberians who were in this oondkioe were called Togati; and among these were indoded even the Celtiberians, who had been regarded as the wildest (^pio»8c<rTaToi) of all (Strab. iiL pw 151); that is, of all the tribes in the S. and centre of the peninsula, for of them only is Strabo here speaking. The tribes of the northern mountains lon^ after ie> tained those fierce nigged manners which fed Jnvcoal to write(5<s4vuL 1 19) **Horrida vitandaestHispmia.' Having thus become more thoroughly- RomaB than any other province oat of Italy, Spain ftirmsbed many names distinguished in the histoiy and lite- rature of Rome, such as the poet Lncan, the two Senecas, Columella, Pomponius Mela, Qoinlilian, Martial, and many others. IV. Political Divisions and CoNsnruTiaN UNDEB THE ROMANS. 1. The two provinces of Hither amd Further Spain.— The provincial constitution dates fnn