brass tubing, iron and brass castings, marine engines, hoisting engines, metal novelties, dry batteries, electric lamps, concrete blocks, cotton thread, wire cloth, leather, trunks, beer, barrels, lumber, inks and cutlery. The factory product in 1905 was valued at $8,408,924. The town is governed by a mayor and a common council. Harrison was settled toward the close of the 17th century, and for many years constituted the S. portion of the township of Lodi. In 1840, however, it was set off from Lodi and named in honour of President William Henry Harrison, and in 1873 it was incorporated. Harrison originally included what is now the town of Kearny (q.v.).
HARRODSBURG, a city and the county-seat of Mercer
county, Kentucky, U.S.A., 32 m. S. of Frankfort, on the Southern
railway. Pop. (1890) 3230; (1900) 2876, of whom 1150 were
negroes; (1910 U.S. census) 3147. On account of its sulphur
springs Harrodsburg became early in the 19th century a fashionable
resort, and continues to attract a considerable number of
visitors. The city is the seat of Harrodsburg Academy, Beaumont
College for women (1894; founded as Daughters’ College
in 1856); and Wayman College (African M.E.) for negroes.
Among its manufactures are flour, whisky, dressed lumber and
ice. About 7 m. E. of Harrodsburg is Pleasant Hill, or Union
Village, a summer resort and the home, since early in the 19th
century, of a Shaker community. Harrodsburg was founded on
the 16th of June 1774 by James Harrod (1746–1793) and a
few followers, and is the oldest permanent settlement in the
state. It was incorporated in 1875. Harrodsburg was formerly
the seat of Bacon College (see Lexington, Kentucky).
HARROGATE, a municipal borough and watering-place in
the Ripon parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire,
England, 203 m. N. by W. from London, on the North-Eastern
railway. Pop. (1891) 16,316; (1901) 28,423. It is
indebted for its rise and importance to its medicinal springs,
and is the principal inland watering-place in the north of England.
It consists of two scattered townships, Low Harrogate and High
Harrogate, which have gradually been connected by a continuous
range of handsome houses and villas. A common called the
Stray, of 200 acres, secured by act of parliament from ever being
built upon, stretches in front of the main line of houses, and on
this account Harrogate, notwithstanding its rapid increase, has
retained much of its rural charm. As regards climate a choice
is offered between the more bracing atmosphere of High Harrogate
and the sheltered and warm climate of the low town. The
waters are chalybeate, sulphureous and saline, and some of the
springs possess all these qualities to a greater or less extent.
The principal chalybeate springs are the Tewitt well, called by
Dr Bright, who wrote the first account of it, the “English Spa,”
discovered by Captain William Slingsby of Bilton Hall near the
close of the 16th century; the Royal Chalybeate Spa, more
commonly known as John’s Well, discovered in 1631 by Dr
Stanhope of York; Muspratt’s chalybeate or chloride of iron
spring discovered in 1819, but first properly analysed by Dr
Sheridan Muspratt in 1865; and the Starbeck springs midway
between High Harrogate and Knaresborough. The principal
sulphur springs are the old sulphur well in the centre of Low
Harrogate, discovered about the year 1656; the Montpellier
springs, the principal well of which was discovered in 1822,
situated in the grounds of the Crown Hotel and surmounted by
a handsome building in the Chinese style, containing pump-room,
baths and reading-room; and the Harlow Car springs, situated
in a wooded glen about a mile west from Low Harrogate. Near
Harlow Car is Harlow observatory, a square tower 100 ft. in
height, standing on elevated ground and commanding a very
extensive view. A saline spring situated in Low Harrogate was
discovered in 1783. Some eighty springs in all have been discovered.
The principal bath establishments are the Victoria
Baths (1871) and the Royal Baths (1897). There are also a
handsome kursaal (1903), a grand opera house, numerous modern
churches, and several hospitals and benevolent institutions,
including the Royal Bath hospital. The corporation owns the
Stray, and also the Spa concert rooms and grounds, Harlow
Moor, Crescent Gardens, Royal Bath gardens and other large
open spaces, as well as Royal Baths, Victoria Baths and Starbeck
Baths. The mineral springs are vested in the corporation. The
high-lying moorland of the surrounding district is diversified
by picturesque dales; and Harrogate is not far from many
towns and sites of great interest, such as Ripon, Knaresborough
and Fountains Abbey. The town was incorporated in 1884,
and the corporation consists of a mayor, 8 aldermen and 24
councillors. Area, 3276 acres.
HARROW,[1] an agricultural implement used for (1) levelling
ridges left by the plough and preparing a smooth surface for
the reception of seeds; (2) covering in seeds after sowing; (3)
tearing up and gathering weeds; (4) disintegrating and levelling
the soil of meadows and pastures; (5) forming a surface tilth
by pulverizing the top soil and so conserving moisture.
The harrow rivals the plough in antiquity. In its simplest form it consists of the boughs of trees interlaced into a wooden frame, and this form survives in the “bush-harrow.” Another old type, found in the middle ages and still in use, consists of a wooden framework in which iron pegs or “tines” are set. This is now generally superseded by the “zig-zag” harrow patented by Armstrong in 1839, built of iron bars in which the tines are so arranged that each follows its own track and has a separate line of action. This harrow is usually made in two or three sections which fold over one another and are thus easily portable, the arrangement at the same time giving a flexibility on uneven ground. Additional flexibility may be imparted to the implement by jointing the stays of the frame which are in the line of draught. The liability that the tines may snap off is the chief weakness of this type, and improvements have consisted chiefly in alterations in their shape and the method of fixing them to the frame.
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| Fig. 1.—Jointed Zig-zag Harrow. (Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies, Ltd.) |
The other type of harrow most used is the chain harrow, consisting of a number of square-link chains connected by cross links and attached to a draught-bar, the whole being kept expanded by stretchers and trailing weights. It is used for levelling and spreading manure over grass-land, from which it at the same time tears up moss and coarse herbage. Mention may also be made of the drag-harrow, a heavy implement with long tines, approximating closely to the cultivator, and of the Norwegian harrow with its revolving rows of spikes.
A few variations and developments of the ordinary harrow require notice. In the adjustable harrow (fig. 2) the teeth are secured to bars pivoted at their ends in the side bars of the frame, and provided with crank arms connected to a common link bar, which may be moved horizontally by means of a lever for the purpose of adjusting
