the angle which the teeth make with the ground, and thus convert
the machine from a pulverizer to a smoothing harrow. The small
figure illustrates a spring connexion between the adjusting lever and
its locking bar, which allows the teeth to yield upon striking an
obstruction. As the briskness of the operation adds to its effectiveness,
the harrow is often made with a seat from which the operator
can hasten the team without fatiguing himself.
 |
| Fig. 2.—Adjustable Harrow. |
Fig. 3 illustrates a spring-tooth harrow. In this harrow the independent frames are carried upon wheels, and a seat for the operator is mounted upon standards supported by the two frames. The teeth consist of flat steel springs of scroll form, which yield to rigid obstructions and are mounted on rock shafts in the same manner as in the walking harrow before described. The levers enable the operator to raise the teeth more or less, and thus free them from rubbish and also regulate the depth of action.
 |
| Fig. 3.—Spring-tooth Harrow. |
Another variation of the harrow with great pulverizing and loosening capabilities consists of a main frame, having a pole and whipple-trees attached: to this frame are pivoted two supplemental frames, each of which has mounted on it a shaft carrying a series of concavo-convex disks. The supplemental frames may be swung by the adjusting levers to any angle with relation to the line of draught, and the disks then act like that of the disk plough (see Plough), throwing the soil outward with more or less force, according to the angle at which they are set, and thus thoroughly breaking up and pulverizing the clods. Above the disks is a bar to which are pivoted a series of scrapers, one for each disk, which are held to their work with a yielding action, being thrown out of operation when desired by the levers shown in connexion with the operating bar. Pans on the main frame are used to carry weights to hold the disks down to their work. The cut away disk harrow differs from the ordinary disk harrow in that its disks are notched and so have greater penetrating power. The curved knife-tooth harrow consists of a frame to which a row of curved blades is attached. Other forms of the implement are illustrated and discussed in Farm Machinery and Farm Motors by J. B. Davidson and L. W. Chase (New York, 1908).
HARROWBY, DUDLEY RYDER, 1st Earl of (1762–1847),
the eldest son of Nathaniel Ryder, 1st Baron Harrowby (1735–1803),
was born in London on the 22nd of December 1762. His
grandfather Sir Dudley Ryder (1691–1756) became a member
of parliament and solicitor-general owing to the favour of Sir
Robert Walpole in 1733; in 1737 he was appointed attorney-general
and three years later he was knighted; in 1754 he was
made lord chief justice of the king’s bench and a privy councillor,
the patent creating him a peer having been just signed by the
king, but not passed, when he died on the 25th of May 1756. His
only son Nathaniel, who was member of parliament for Tiverton
for twenty years, was created Baron Harrowby in 1776. Educated
at St John’s College, Cambridge, Dudley Ryder became
member of parliament for Tiverton in 1784 and under-secretary
for foreign affairs in 1789. In 1791 he was appointed paymaster
of the forces and vice-president of the board of trade, but he
resigned the positions and also that of treasurer of the navy
when he succeeded to
his father’s barony in
June 1803. In 1804 he
was secretary of state
for foreign affairs and
in 1805 chancellor of
the duchy of Lancaster
under his intimate
friend William Pitt; in
the latter year he was
sent on a special and
important mission to
the emperors of Austria
and Russia and the
king of Prussia, and
for the long period between 1812 and 1827 he was lord
president of the council. After Canning’s death in 1827 he
refused to serve George IV. as prime minister and he
never held office again, although he continued to take part
in politics, being especially prominent during the deadlock
which preceded the passing of the Reform Bill in 1832.
Harrowby’s long association with the Tories did not prevent
him from assisting to remove the disabilities of Roman Catholics
and Protestant dissenters, or from supporting the movement
for electoral reform; he was also in favour of the emancipation
of the slaves. The earl died at his Staffordshire residence,
Sandon Hall, on the 26th of December 1847, being, as Charles
Greville says, “the last of his generation and of the colleagues
of Mr Pitt, the sole survivor of those stirring times and mighty
contests.”
Harrowby’s eldest son, Dudley Ryder, 2nd earl (1798–1882), was born in London on the 19th of May 1798, his mother being Susan (d. 1838), daughter of Granville Leveson-Gower, marquess of Stafford, a lady of exceptional attainments. As Viscount Sandon he became member of parliament for Tiverton in 1819, in 1827 he was appointed a lord of the admiralty, and in 1830 secretary to the India board. From 1831 to 1847 Sandon represented Liverpool in the House of Commons. For a long time he was out of office, but in 1855, eight years after he had become earl of Harrowby, he was appointed chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster by Lord Palmerston; in a few months he was transferred to the office of lord privy seal, a position which he resigned in 1857. He was chairman of the Maynooth commission and a member of other important royal commissions, and was among the most stalwart and prominent defenders of the established church. He died at Sandon on the 19th of November 1882. His successor was his eldest son, Dudley Francis Stuart Ryder (1831–1900), vice-president of the council from 1874 to 1878, president of the board of trade from 1878 to 1880, and lord privy seal in 1885 and 1886. He died without sons on the 26th of March 1900, and was succeeded by his brother, Henry Dudley Ryder (1836–1900), whose son, John Herbert Dudley Ryder (b. 1864), became 5th earl of Harrowby.
HARROWING OF HELL, an English poem in dialogue, dating
from the end of the 13th century. It is written in the East
Midland dialect, and is generally cited as the earliest dramatic
work of any kind preserved in the language, though it was in
reality probably intended for recitation rather than performance;
It is closely allied to the kind of poem known as a débat, and the
opening words—“Alle herkneth to me nou A strif wille I tellen
ou Of Jesu and of Satan”—seem to indicate that the piece was
delivered by a single performer. The subject—the descent of
Christ into Hades to succour the souls of the just, as related in
the apocryphal gospel of Nicodemus—is introduced in a kind of
prologue; then follows the dispute between “Dominus” and
“Satan” at the gate of Hell; the gatekeeper runs away, and
the just are set free, while Adam, Eve, Habraham, David,
Johannes and Moyses do homage to the deliverer. The poem
