Newbury in Berkshire. He was then engaged in practice mainly in London, till in 1849 he was appointed assistant secretary to the Geological Society of London. In 1862 he was made professor of geology at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Having devoted his especial attention to fossil microzoa, he now became the highest authority in England on the Foraminifera and Entomostraca. He edited the 2nd edition of Mantell’s Medals of Creation (1854), the 3rd edition of Mantell’s Geological Excursions round the Isle of Wight (1854), and the 7th edition of Mantell’s Wonders of Geology (1857); he also edited the 2nd edition of Dixon’s Geology of Sussex (1878). He was elected F.R.S. in 1872 and was awarded the Lyell medal by the Geological Society in 1890. For many years he was specially interested in the geology of South Africa.
His publications include A Monograph of the Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formation of England (Palaeontograph. Soc., 1849); A Monograph of the Tertiary Entomostraca of England (ibid. 1857); A Monograph of the Fossil Estheriae (ibid. 1862); A Monograph of the Foraminifera of the Crag (ibid. 1866, &c., with H. B. Brady); and numerous articles in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, the Geological Magazine, the Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, and other journals.
JONES, WILLIAM (1726–1800), English divine, was born at
Lowick, in Northamptonshire on the 30th of July 1726. He was
descended from an old Welsh family and one of his progenitors
was Colonel John Jones, brother-in-law of Cromwell. He was
educated at Charterhouse School, and at University College,
Oxford. There a kindred taste for music, as well as a similarity
in regard to other points of character, led to his close intimacy
with George Horne (q.v.), afterwards bishop of Norwich,
whom he induced to study Hutchinsonian doctrines. After
obtaining his bachelor’s degree in 1749, Jones held various
preferments. In 1777 he obtained the perpetual curacy of
Nayland, Suffolk, and on Horne’s appointment to Norwich
became his chaplain, afterwards writing his life. His vicarage
became the centre of a High Church coterie, and Jones himself
was a link between the non-jurors and the Oxford movement.
He could write intelligibly on abstruse topics. He died on the
6th of January 1800.
In 1756 Jones published his tractate On the Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity, a statement of the doctrine from the Hutchinsonian point of view, with a succinct and able summary of biblical proofs. This was followed in 1762 by an Essay on the First Principles of Natural Philosophy, in which he maintained the theories of Hutchinson in opposition to those of Sir Isaac Newton, and in 1781 he dealt with the same subject in Physiological Disquisitions. Jones was also the originator of the British Critic (May 1793). His collected works, with a life by William Stevens, appeared in 1801, in 12 vols., and were condensed into 6 vols. in 1810. A life of Jones, forming pt. 5 of the Biography of English Divines, was published in 1849.
JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746–1794), British Orientalist and
jurist, was born in London on the 28th of September 1746.
He distinguished himself at Harrow, and during his last three
years there applied himself to the study of Oriental languages,
teaching himself the rudiments of Arabic, and reading Hebrew
with tolerable ease. In his vacations he improved his acquaintance
with French and Italian. In 1764 Jones entered University
College, Oxford, where he continued to study Oriental
literature, and perfected himself in Persian and Arabic by the aid
of a Syrian Mirza, whom he had discovered and brought from
London. He added to his knowledge of Hebrew and made
considerable progress in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.
He began the study of Chinese, and made himself master of
the radical characters of that language. During five years he
partly supported himself by acting as tutor to Lord Althorpe,
afterwards the second Earl Spencer, and in 1766 he obtained a
fellowship. Though but twenty-two years of age, he was already
becoming famous as an Orientalist, and when Christian VII. of
Denmark visited England in 1768, bringing with him a life of
Nadir Shah in Persian, Jones was requested to translate the
MS. into French. The translation appeared in 1770, with an
introduction containing a description of Asia and a short
history of Persia. This was followed in the same year by a Traité
sur la poésie orientale, and by a French metrical translation of
the odes of Hafiz. In 1771 he published a Dissertation sur la
littérature orientale, defending Oxford scholars against the
criticisms made by Anquetil Du Perron in the introduction to his
translation of the Zend-Avesta. In the same year appeared his
Grammar of the Persian Language. In 1772 Jones published a
volume of Poems, Chiefly Translations from Asiatick Languages,
together with Two Essays on the Poetry of Eastern Nations and
on the Arts commonly called Imitative, and in 1774 a treatise
entitled Poeseos Asiaticæ commentariorum libri sex, which definitely
confirmed his authority as an Oriental scholar.
Finding that some more financially profitable occupation was necessary, Jones devoted himself with his customary energy to the study of the law, and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1774. He studied not merely the technicalities, but the philosophy, of law, and within two years had acquired so considerable a reputation that he was in 1776 appointed commissioner in bankruptcy. Besides writing an Essay on the Law of Bailments, which enjoyed a high reputation both in England and America, Jones translated, in 1778, the speeches of Isaeus on the Athenian right of inheritance. In 1780 he was a parliamentary candidate for the university of Oxford, but withdrew from the contest before the day of election, as he found he had no chance of success owing to his Liberal opinions, especially on the questions of the American War and of the slave trade.
In 1783 was published his translation of the seven ancient Arabic poems called Moallakât. In the same year he was appointed judge of the supreme court of judicature at Calcutta, then “Fort William,” and was knighted. Shortly after his arrival in India he founded, in January 1784, the Bengal Asiatic Society, of which he remained president till his death. Convinced as he was of the great importance of consulting the Hindu legal authorities in the original, he at once began the study of Sanskrit, and undertook, in 1788, the colossal task of compiling a digest of Hindu and Mahommedan law. This he did not live to complete, but he published the admirable beginnings of it in his Institutes of Hindu Law, or the Ordinances of Manu (1794); his Mohammedan Law of Succession to Property of Intestates; and his Mohammedan Law of Inheritance (1792). In 1789 Jones had completed his translation of Kālidāsa’s most famous drama, Sakuntalā. He also translated the collection of fables entitled the Hitopadesa, the Gītagovinda, and considerable portions of the Vedas, besides editing the text of Kālidāsa’s poem Ritusamhara. He was a large contributor also to his society’s volumes of Asiatic Researches.
His unremitting literary labours, together with his heavy judicial work, told on his health after a ten years’ residence in Bengal; and he died at Calcutta on the 27th of April 1794. An extraordinary linguist, knowing thirteen languages well, and having a moderate acquaintance with twenty-eight others, his range of knowledge was enormous. As a pioneer in Sanskrit learning and as founder of the Asiatic Society he rendered the language and literature of the ancient Hindus accessible to European scholars, and thus became the indirect cause of later achievements in the field of Sanskrit and comparative philology. A monument to his memory was erected by the East India Company in St Paul’s, London, and a statue in Calcutta.
See the Memoir (1804) by Lord Teignmouth, published in the collected edition of Sir W. Jones’s works.
JÖNKÖPING, a town of Sweden, capital of the district (län) of
Jönköping, 230 m. S.W. of Stockholm by rail. Pop. (1900),
23,143. It occupies a beautiful but somewhat unhealthy position
between the southern end of Lake Vetter and two small lakes,
Roksjö and Munksjö. Two quarters of the town, Svenska Mad
and Tyska Mad, recall the time when the site was a marsh (mad),
and buildings were constructed on piles. The residential
suburbs among the hills, especially Dunkehallar, are attractive
and healthier than the town. The church of St Kristine
(c. 1650), the court-houses, town-hall, government buildings, and
high school, are noteworthy. The town is one of the leading industrial
centres in Sweden. The match manufacture, for which
it is principally famous, was founded by Johan Edvard Lundström
in 1844. The well-known brand of säkerhets-tändstickor
