of 70 tons cannot come nearer than 500 yards. The pilots and sailors of Mandvi have a high reputation.
MANES, in Roman mythology, the disembodied and immortal
spirits of the dead. The word is an old adjective—manis, manus,
meaning “good,” the opposite of which is immanis; hence the
Manes, clearly a euphemistic term, are the “good people.” They
were looked upon as gods; hence the dedication, of great antiquity
and frequent occurrence, Divis or Dis Manibus in sepulchral
inscriptions, used even in Christian times. When a body
was consumed on the funeral pyre, relations and friends invoked
the deceased as a divinity, and the law of the Twelve Tables
prescribed that the rights of the divine Manes should be respected,
and that each man should regard the dead members of his family
as gods. Their home was in the bowels of the earth, from which
they only emerged at certain times. It was an old Italian
custom—especially at the foundation of cities—to dig a pit in
the form of an inverted sky (hence called mundus), the lower
part of which was supposed to be sacred to the gods of the
underworld, including the Manes. Such a pit existed on the
Palatine at Rome. It was covered by a stone called lapis manalis,
representing the entrance to the lower world, which was removed
three times in the year (Aug. 24, Oct. 5, Nov. 8). The Manes
were then believed to issue forth, and these days were regarded
as religiosi—that is, all important business in public and private
life was suspended. Offerings were made to propitiate the dead:
libations of water, wine, warm milk, honey, oil, and the blood
of sacrificial victims—black sheep, pigs and oxen (suovetaurilia)—was
poured upon the graves; ointment and incense were
offered, lamps were lighted, and the grave was adorned with
garlands of flowers, especially roses and violets. Beans, eggs,
lentils, salt, bread and wine, placed on the grave, formed the
chief part of a meal partaken of by the mourners. There was
also a public state festival in honour of the dead, called Parentalia,
held from the 13th to the 21st of February, the last month
of the old Roman year, the last day of the festival being called
Feralia. During its continuance all the temples were shut,
marriages were forbidden, and the magistrates had to appear
without the insignia of their office.
There was considerable analogy between the Manes and the received idea of “souls”—and there was a corresponding idea that they could be conjured up and appear as ghosts. They were also supposed to have the power of sending dreams. It is to be noticed that, unlike the Lares, the Manes are never spoken of singly.
MANET, ÉDOUARD (1832–1883), French painter, regarded
as the most important master of Impressionism (q.v.), was born
in Paris on the 23rd of January 1832. After spending some
time under the tuition of the Abbé Poiloup, he entered the
Collège Rollin, where his passion for drawing led him to neglect
all his other lessons. His studies finished in 1848, he was placed
on board the ship Guadeloupe, voyaging to Rio de Janeiro. On
his return he first studied in Couture’s studio (1851), where his
independence often infuriated his master. For six years he
was an intermittent visitor to the studio, constantly taking
leave to travel, and going first to Cassel, Dresden, Vienna and
Munich, and afterwards to Florence, Rome and Venice, where
he made some stay. Some important drawings date from this
period, and one picture, “A Nymph Surprised.” Then, after
imitating Couture, more or less, in “The Absinthe-drinker”
(1866), and Courbet in “The Old Musician,” he devoted himself
almost exclusively to the study of the Spanish masters in the
Louvre. A group was already gathering round him—Whistler,
Legros, and Fantin-Latour haunted his studio in the Rue Guyot.
His “Spaniard playing the Guitar,” in the Salon of 1861, excited
much animadversion. Delacroix alone defended Manet, but,
this notwithstanding, his “Fifer of the Guard” and “Breakfast
on the Grass” were refused by the jury. Then the “Exhibition
of the Rejected” was opened, and round Manet a group was
formed, including Bracquemond, Legros, Jongkind, Whistler,
Harpignies and Fantin-Latour, the writers Zola, Duranty and
Duret, and Astruc the sculptor. In 1863, when an amateur,
M. Martinet, lent an exhibition-room to Manet, the painter
exhibited fourteen pictures; and then, in 1864, contributed
again to the Salon “The Angels at the Tomb” and “A Bullfight.”
Of this picture he afterwards kept nothing but the
toreador in the foreground, and it is now known as “The Dead
Man.” In 1865 he sent to the Salon “Christ reviled by the
Soldiers” and the famous “Olympia,” which was hailed with
mockery and laughter. It represents a nude woman reclining
on a couch, behind which is seen the head of a negress who
carries a bunch of flowers. A black cat at her feet emphasizes
the whiteness of the sheet on which the woman lies. This
work (now in the Louvre) was presented to the Luxembourg by
a subscription started by Claude Monet (1890). It was hung
in 1897 among the Caillebotte collection, which included the
“Balcony,” and a study of a female head called “Angelina.”
This production, of a highly independent individuality, secured
Manet’s exclusion from the Salon of 1866, so that he determined
to exhibit his pictures in a place apart during the Great Exhibition
of 1867. In a large gallery in the Avenue de l’Alma, half
of which was occupied by Courbet, he hung no fewer than fifty
paintings. Only one important picture was absent, “The
Execution of the Emperor Maximilian”; its exhibition was
prohibited by the authorities. From that time, in spite of the
fierce hostility of some adversaries, Manet’s energy and that
of his supporters began to gain the day. His “Young Girl”
(Salon of 1868) was justly appreciated, as well as the portrait
of Lola; but the “Balcony” and the “Breakfast” (1869)
were as severely handled as the “Olympia” had been. In
1870 he exhibited “The Music Lesson” and a portrait of Mlle
E. Gonzales. Not long before the Franco-Prussian War, Manet,
finding himself in the country with a friend, for the first time
discovered the true value of open air to the effects of painting
in his picture “The Garden,” which gave rise to the “open
air” or plein air school. After fighting as a gunner, he returned
to his family in the Pyrenees, where he painted “The Battle of
the Kearsarge and the Alabama.” His “Bon Bock” (1873)
created a furore. But in 1875, as in 1869, there was a fresh
outburst of abuse, this time of the “Railroad,” “Polichinelle,”
and “Argenteuil,” and the jury excluded the artist, who for
the second time arranged an exhibition in his studio. In 1877
his “Hamlet” was admitted to the Salon, but “Nana” was
rejected. The following works were exhibited at the Salon of
1881: “In the Conservatory,” “In a Boat,” and the portraits
of Rochefort and Proust; and the Cross of the Legion of Honour
was conferred on the painter on the 31st of December in that
year. Manet died in Paris on the 20th of April 1883. He left,
besides his pictures, a number of pastels and engravings. He
illustrated Les Chats by Champfleury, and Edgar Allan Poe’s
The Raven.
See Zola, Manet (Paris, 1867); E. Bazire, Manet (Paris, 1884); G. Geffroy, La Vie artistique (1893). (H. Fr.)
MANETENERIS, a tribe of South American Indians of the upper Purus river, and between it and the Jurua, north-western Brazil. They manufacture cotton cloth, and have iron axes and fish hooks. The men wear long ponchos, the women sacks open at the bottom. The Maneteneris are essentially a waterside people. Their cedarwood canoes are very long and beautifully made.
MANETHO (Μανέθων in an inscription of Carthage; Μανεθὼς in a papyrus), Egyptian priest and annalist, was a native of Sebennytus in the Delta. The name which he bears has a
good Egyptian appearance, and has been found on a contemporary papyrus
probably referring to the man himself. The
evidence of Plutarch and other indications connect him with
the reigns of Ptolemy I. and II. His most important work was
an Egyptian history in Greek, for which he translated the native
records. It is now only known by some fragments of narrative
in Josephus’s treatise Against Apion, and by tables of dynasties
and kings with lengths of reigns, divided into three books, in
the works of Christian chronographers. The earliest and best
of the latter is Julius Africanus, besides whom Eusebius and
