says that hardly any Roman except Caesar, Cicero and Fronto had treated the subject, it is probable that he did not know the work of Manilius. The latest event referred to in the poem (i. 898) is the great defeat of Varus by Arminius in the Teutoburgiensis Saltus (A.D. 9). The fifth book was not written till the reign of Tiberius; the work appears to be incomplete, and was probably never published.
See editions by J. Scaliger (1579); R. Bentley (1739); F. Jacob (1846); A. G. Pingré (1786); and T. Breiter (Leipzig, 1907; and commentary 1909); of book i. by A. E. Housman (1903). On the subject generally see M. Bechert, De emendandi Manilii Ratione (1878) and De M. M. Astronomicorum Poeta (1891); B. Freier, De M. Astronom. Aetate (1880); A. Cramer, De Manilii Elocutione (very full; 1882); G. Lanson, De Manilio Poeta, with select bibliog. (1887); P. Monceaux, Les Africains (a study of the Latin literature of Africa; 1894); R. Ellis, Noctes Manilianae (1891); J. P. Postgate, Silva Maniliana (1897), chiefly on textual questions; P. Thomas, Lucubrationes Manilianae (1888), a collation of the Gemblacensis (Gembloux) MS.; F. Plessis, La Poesie latine (1909), pp. 477–483.
MANILIUS, GAIUS, Roman tribune of the people in 66 B.C.
At the beginning of his year of office (Dec. 67) he succeeded in
getting a law passed (de libertinorum suffragiis), which gave
freedmen the privilege of voting together with those who had
manumitted them, that is, in the same tribe as their patroni; this
law, however, was almost immediately declared null and void
by the senate. Both parties in the state were offended by the
law, and Manilius endeavoured to secure the support of Pompey
by proposing to confer upon him the command of the war
against Mithradates with unlimited power (see Pompey). The
proposal was supported by Cicero in his speech, Pro lege Manilia,
and carried almost unanimously. Manilius was later accused
by the aristocratical party on some unknown charge and defended
by Cicero. He was probably convicted, but nothing further
is heard of him.
See Cicero’s speech; Dio Cassius xxxvi. 25-27; Plutarch, Pompey, 30; Vell. Pat. ii. 33; art. Rome: History, § II.
MANIN, DANIELE (1804–1857), Venetian patriot and statesman,
was born in Venice, on the 13th of May 1804. He was the
son of a converted Jew, who took the name of Manin because that
patrician family stood sponsors to him, as the custom then was.
He studied law at Padua, and then practised at the bar of his
native city. A man of great learning and a profound jurist, he was
inspired from an early age with a deep hatred for Austria. The
heroic but foolhardy attempt of the brothers Bandiera, Venetians
who had served in the Austrian navy against the Neapolitan
Bourbons in 1844, was the first event to cause an awakening of
Venetian patriotism, and in 1847 Manin presented a petition
to the Venetian congregation, a shadowy consultative assembly
tolerated by Austria but without any power, informing the
emperor of the wants of the nation. He was arrested on a
charge of high treason (Jan. 18, 1848), but this only served to
increase the agitation of the Venetians, who were beginning to
know and love Manin. Two months later, when all Italy and
half the rest of Europe were in the throes of revolution, the
people forced Count Palffy, the Austrian governor, to release him
(March 17). The Austrians soon lost all control of the city, the
arsenal was seized by the revolutionists, and under the direction
of Manin a civic guard and a provisional government were
instituted. The Austrians evacuated Venice on the 26th of
March, and Manin became president of the Venetian republic.
He was already in favour of Italian unity, and though not
anxious for annexation to Piedmont (he would have preferred
to invoke French aid), he gave way to the will of the majority,
and resigned his powers to the Piedmontese commissioners on the
7th of August. But after the Piedmontese defeats in Lombardy,
and the armistice by which King Charles Albert abandoned
Lombardy and Venetia to Austria, the Venetians attempted to
lynch the royal commissioners, whose lives Manin saved with
difficulty; an assembly was summoned, and a triumvirate
formed with Manin at its head. Towards the end of 1848 the
Austrians, having been heavily reinforced, reoccupied all the
Venetian mainland; but the citizens, hard-pressed and threatened
with a siege, showed the greatest devotion to the cause of freedom,
all sharing in the dangers and hardships and all giving what they
could afford to the state treasury. Early in 1849 Manin was
again chosen president of the republic, and conducted the defence
of the city with great ability. After the defeat of Charles
Albert’s forlorn hope at Novara in March the Venetian assembly
voted “Resistance at all costs!” and granted Manin unlimited
powers. Meanwhile the Austrian forces closed round the city;
but Manin showed an astonishing power of organization, in
which he was ably seconded by the Neapolitan general, Guglielmo
Pepe. But on the 26th of May the Venetians were forced to
abandon Fort Malghera, half-way between the city and the
mainland; food was becoming scarce, on the 19th of June the
powder magazine blew up, and in July cholera broke out. Then
the Austrian batteries began to bombard Venice itself, and when
the Sardinian fleet withdrew from the Adriatic the city was also
attacked by sea, while certain demagogues caused internal
trouble. At last, on the 24th of August 1849, when all provisions
and ammunition were exhausted, Manin, who had courted
death in vain, succeeded in negotiating an honourable capitulation,
on terms of amnesty to all save Manin himself, Pepe and
some others, who were to go into exile. On the 27th Manin left
Venice for ever on board a French ship. His wife died at
Marseilles, and he himself reached Paris broken in health and
almost destitute, having spent all his fortune for Venice. In
Paris he maintained himself by teaching and became a leader
among the Italian exiles. There he became a convert from
republicanism to monarchism, being convinced that only under
the auspices of King Victor Emmanuel could Italy be freed, and
together with Giorgio Pallavicini and Giuseppe La Farina he
founded the Società Nazionale Italiana with the object of propagating
the idea of unity under the Piedmontese monarchy.
His last years were embittered by the terrible sufferings of his
daughter, who died in 1854, and he himself died on the 22nd of
September 1857, and was buried in Ary Scheffer’s family tomb.
In 1868, two years after the Austrians finally departed from
Venice, his remains were brought to his native city and honoured
with a public funeral. Manin was a man of the greatest honesty,
and possessed genuinely statesmanlike qualities. He believed
in Italian unity when most men, even Cavour, regarded it as
a vain thing, and his work of propaganda by means of the
National Society greatly contributed to the success of the cause.
See A. Errera, Vita di D. Manin (Venice, 1872); P. de la Farge, Documents, &c., de D. Manin (Paris, 1860); Henri Martin, D. Manin (Paris, 1859); V. Marchesi, Settant’ anni della storia di Venezia (Turin) and an excellent monograph in Countess Martinengo Cesaresco’s Italian Characters (London, 1901).
MANING, FREDERICK EDWARD (1812–1883), New Zealand
judge and author, son of Frederick Maning, of Johnville, county
Dublin, was born on the 5th of July 1812. His father emigrated
to Tasmania in the ship “Ardent” in 1824 and took up a grant
of land there. Young Maning served in the fatuous expedition
which attempted to drive in the Tasmanian blacks by sweeping
with an unbroken line of armed men across the island. Soon
afterwards he decided to try the life of a trader among the wild
tribes of New Zealand, and, landing in the beautiful inlet of
Hokianga in 1833, took up his abode among the Ngapuhi. With
them the tall Irish lad—he stood 6 ft. 3 in.—full of daring and
good-humour and as fond of fun as of fighting, quickly became
a prime favourite, was adopted into the tribe, married a chief’s
daughter, and became a “Pakeha-Maori” (foreigner turned
Maori). With the profits of his trading he bought a farm of
200 acres on the Hokianga, for which, unlike most white adventurers
of the time, he paid full value. When New Zealand was
peacefully annexed in 1840, Maning’s advice to the Maori was
against the arrangement, but from the moment of annexation
he became a loyal friend to the government, and in the wars of
1845–46 his influence was exerted with effect in the settlers’
favour. Again, in 1860, he persuaded the Ngapuhi to volunteer
to put down the insurrection in Taranaki. Finally, at the end
of 1865, he entered the public service as a judge of the native
lands court, where his unequalled knowledge of the Maori
language, customs, traditions and prejudices was of solid value.
