In this office he served until 1881, when ill-health drove him to resign, and two years later to seek surgical aid in London, where, however, he died of cancer on the 25th of July 1883. At his wish, his body was taken back to New Zealand and buried there. A bust of him is placed in the public library at Auckland. Maning is chiefly remembered as the author of two short books, Old New Zealand and History of the War in the North of New Zealand against the Chief Heké. Both books were reprinted in London in 1876 and 1884, with an introduction by the earl of Pembroke.
MANIPLE (Lat. manipulus, from manus, hand, and plere, to
fill), a liturgical vestment of the Catholic Church, proper to all
orders from the subdeacon upwards. It is a narrow strip of
material, silk or half-silk, about a yard long, worn on the left
fore-arm in such a way that the ends hang down to an equal
length on either side. In order to secure it, it is sometimes tied
on with strings attached underneath, sometimes provided with
a hole in the lining through which the arm is passed. It is
ornamented with three crosses, one in the centre and one at each
end, that in the centre being obligatory, and is often elaborately
embroidered. It is the special ensign of the office of subdeacon,
and at the ordination is placed on the arm of the new subdeacon
by the bishop with the words: “Take the maniple, the symbol
of the fruit of good works.”[1] It is strictly a “mass vestment,”
being worn, with certain exceptions (e.g. by a subdeacon singing
the Gospel at the service of blessing the palms), only at Mass,
by the celebrant and the ministers assisting.
The most common name for the maniple up to the beginning of the 11th century in the Latin Church was mappula (dim. of mappa, cloth), the Roman name for the vestment until the time of Innocent III. The designation manipulus did not come into general use until the 15th century. Father Braun (Liturg. Gewandung, p. 517) gives other early medieval names: sudanum, fano, mantile, all of them meaning “cloth” or “handkerchief.” He traces the vestment ultimately to a white linen cloth of ceremony (pallium linostinum) worn in the 4th century by the Roman clergy over the left arm, and peculiar at that time to them. Its ultimate origin is obscure, but is probably traceable to some ceremonial handkerchiefs commonly carried by Roman dignitaries, e.g. those with which the magistrates were wont to signal the opening of the games of the circus. As late as the 9th century, indeed, the maniple was still a handkerchief, held folded in the left hand. By what process it became changed into a narrow strip is not known; the earliest extant specimen of the band-like maniple is that found in the grave of St Cuthbert (9th century); by the 11th century (except in the case of subdeacons, whose maniples would seem to have continued for a while to be cloths in practical use) the maniple had universally assumed its present general form and purely ceremonial character.
The maniple was originally carried in the left hand. In pictures of the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries it is represented as either so carried or as hung over the left fore-arm. By the 12th century the rule according to which it is worn over the left arm had been universally accepted. According to present usage the maniple is put on by priests after the alb and girdle; by deacons and subdeacons after the dalmatic or tunicle; by bishops at the altar after the Confiteor, except at masses for the dead, when it is assumed before the stole.[2]
In the East the maniple in its Western form is known only to the Armenians, where it is peculiar to subdeacons. This vestment is not derived from the Roman rite, but is properly a stole, which the subdeacons used to carry in the left hand. It is now laid over the subdeacon’s left arm at ordination. The true equivalent of the maniple (in the Greek and Armenian rites only) is not, as has been assumed, the epimanikion, a sort of loose, embroidered cuff (see Vestments), but the epigonation. This is a square of silk, stiffened with cardboard, surrounded by an embroidered border, and usually decorated in the middle with a cross or a sword (the “sword of the Spirit,” which it is supposed to symbolize); sometimes, however, the space within the border is embroidered with pictures. It is worn only by bishops and the higher clergy, and derives its name from the fact that it hangs down over the knee (γόνυ). It is worn on the right side, under the phelonion, but when the sakkos is worn instead of the phelonion, by metropolitans, &c., it is attached to this. The epigonation, like the maniple, was originally a cloth held in the hand; a fact sufficiently proved by the ancient name ἐγχείριον (χείρ, hand), which it retained until the 12th century. For convenience’ sake this cloth came to be suspended from the girdle on the right side, and is thus represented in the earliest extant paintings (see Braun, p. 552). The name epigonation, which appears in the latter half of the 12th century, probably marks the date of the complete conventionalizing of the original cloth into the present stiff embroidered square; but the earliest representations of the vestment in its actual form date from the 14th century, e.g. the mosaic of St Athanasius in the chapel of St Zeno in St Mark’s at Venice.
See J. Braun, S. J., Die liturgische Gewandung (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1907), pp. 515–561. and the bibliography to Vestments.
MANIPUR, a native state on the north-east frontier of India,
in political subordination to the lieutenant-governor of Eastern
Bengal and Assam. Area, 8456 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 284,465.
It is bounded on the N. by the Naga country and the hills overlooking
the Assam valley, on the W. by Cachar district, on the E.
by Upper Burma, and on the S. by the Lushai hills. The state
consists of a wide valley, estimated at about 650 sq. m., and a
large surrounding tract of mountainous country. The hill
ranges generally run north and south, with occasional connecting
spurs and ridges of lower elevation between. Their greatest
altitude is in the north, where they reach to upwards of 8000 ft.
above sea-level. The principal geographical feature in the valley
is the Logtak lake, an irregular sheet of water of considerable
size, but said to be yearly growing smaller. The valley is watered
by numerous rivers, the Barak being the most important. The
hills are densely clothed with tree jungle and large forest timber.
Some silk is produced and there are a few primitive manufacturing
industries, e.g. of pottery. Rice and forest produce, however,
are the principal exports. The road from Manipur to the Assam-Bengal
railway at Dimapur is the principal trade route.
The kingdom of Manipur, or, as the Burmans call it, Kasse or Kathe, first emerges from obscurity as a neighbour and ally of the Shan kingdom of Pong, which had its capital at Mogaung. The valley appears to have been originally occupied by several tribes which came from different directions. Although their general facial characteristics are Mongolian, there is a great diversity of feature among the Manipuris, some of them showing a regularity approaching the Aryan type. In the valley the people are chiefly Hindus, that religion being of recent introduction. Their own name for themselves is Meithei, and their language is a branch of the Kuki-Chin family, spoken by 273,000 persons in all India in 1901. One of their peculiarities is the high position enjoyed by women, who conduct most of the trade of the valley. They have a caste system of their own, different from that of India, and chiefly founded on the system of lallup, or forced labour, which has been abolished by the British. Every male between the ages of seventeen and sixty was formerly obliged to place his services at the disposal of the state for a certain number of days each year, and to different classes of the people different employments were assigned. About four hundred Mahommedan families, descendants of settlers from Bengal, reside to the east of the capital. The aboriginal hill-men belong to one of the two great divisions of Nagas and Kukis, and are subdivided into innumerable clans and sections with slight differences in language, customs or dress. The state is noted for the excellence of its breed of ponies. The English game of polo was introduced from Manipur, where it forms a great national pastime.
The first relations of the British with Manipur date from 1762, when the raja solicited British aid to repel a Burmese invasion,
