pontificates of this period are scarce. Mention, however, must be made of H. Reuter’s Geschichte Alexanders III. und der Kirche seiner Zeit (3 vols., Berlin, 1860–1864). Much information on the policy of these popes will be found in the works on the great personages of the time: W. Bernhardi, Lothar von Supplinburg (Leipzig, 1879), and Konrad III. (Leipzig, 1883); H. Prutz, Kaiser Friedrich I. (3 vols., Danzig, 1871–1874); P. Scheffer-Boichorst, Kaiser Friedrichs I. letzter Streit mit der Kurie (Berlin, 1866); Julius Ficker, Reinald von Dassel (Cologne, 1850); Th. Toeche, Kaiser Heinrich VI. (Leipzig, 1867); J. Jastrow and G. Winter, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Hohenstaufen (2 vols., Berlin, 1897–1901); F. von Raumer, Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit (5th ed., 6 vols., Leipzig, 1878); A. Hausrath, Arnold von Brescia (Leipzig, 1891); Dietr. Hirsch, Studien zur Geschichte König Ludwigs VII. von Frankreich (Leipzig, 1892); O. Cartellieri, Abt Suger von Saint-Denis (Berlin, 1898); F. Vacandard, Vie de S. Bernard (2 vols., Paris, 1895); J. Thiel, Die politische Thätigkeit des Abtes Bernhard von Clairvaux (Königsberg, 1885); A. Luchaire, Louis VII., Philippe-Auguste, Louis VIII. (vol. iii. pt. i. of Lavisse’s Histoire de France); H. Bohmer, Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie im XI. und XII. Jahrhundert. (Leipzig, 1899); Kate Norgate, England under the Angevin kings (London, 1887); and P. Scheffer-Boichorst, “Hat Papst Hadrian IV. zu Gunsten des englischen Königs über Irland verfügt?” in Mitteilungendes Instituts für österr. Geschichtsforschung (supplementary vol. iv., 1893).
(c) From 1198 to 1261.—On the pontificate of Innocent III. in general, see F. von Hurter, Geschichte Papst Innocenz III. (3rd and 2nd ed., 4 vols., Hamburg, 1841–1844); and A. Luchaire, Innocent III., Rome et l’Italie (2nd ed., Paris, 1905), Innocent III. la croisade des albigeois (Paris, 1905), Innocent III., la papauté et l’empire (Paris, 1906), Innocent III., la question d’orient (Paris, 1906), and Innocent III., les royautés vassales du Saint-Siège (Paris, 1908). Cf. E. Winkelmann, Philipp von Schwaben und Otto IV. von Braunschweig (2 vols., Leipzig, 1873–1878); W. Norden, Das Papsttum und Byzanz (Berlin, 1903), a considerable part of which is devoted to Innocent III.; E. Gerland, Geschichte des lateinischen Kaiserreiches von Konstantinopel (Homburg, 1905); R. Davidsohn, Philipp II. August von Frankreich und Ingeborg (Stuttgart, 1888); R. Schwemer, Innocenz III. und die deutsche Kirche während des Thronstreites von 1198–1208 (Strassburg, 1882); Else Gütschow, Innocenz III. und England (Munich, 1904); and many other detailed monographs. The pontificate of Honorius III. is dealt with by J. Clausen in his Papst Honorius III. (Bonn, 1895), and his registers have been published by P. Pressutti (3 vols., Rome, 1884 and 1888–1895). On Gregory IX., see J. Felten, Papst Gregor IX. (Freiburg i. Br., 1886); P. Balan, Storia di Gregorio IX. e dei suoi tempi (3 vols., Modena, 1872–1873); and J. Marx, Die vita Gregorii IX. (Berlin, 1889). The publication of the registers of this pope was begun by L. Auvray in the Bibliothèque des écoles de Rome et d’Athènes (Paris, 1890 et seq.). On Innocent IV., see E. Berger, St Louis et Innocent IV. (Paris, 1893); E. Winkelmann, Kaiser Friedrich II. (2 vols., Leipzig, 1889–1897); P. Aldinger, Die Neubesetzung der deutschen Bistümer unter Papst Innocenz IV. (Leipzig, 1901); and C. Rodenberg, Innocenz IV. und das Königreich Sizilien (Halle. 1892). The publication of the registers of Innocent IV. was undertaken by Elie Berger (1881 et seq.), and those of Alexander IV. by J. de Loye, A. Coulon and C. Bourel de la Roncière (1895 et seq.). As the history of the later Hohenstaufens is intimately bound up with that of the contemporary popes, mention must be made of F. W. Schirrmacher, Die letzten Hohenstaufen (Göttingen, 1871); A. Karst, Geschichte Manfreds vom Ende Friedrichs II. bis zu seiner Krönung (Berlin, 1897); and K. Hampe, Geschichte Konradins von Hohenstaufen (Innsbruck, 1894).
(d) From 1261 to 1305.—L. Dorez and J. Guiraud, members of the French school at Rome, began the publication of the registers of Urban IV. (1892 et seq.); E. Jordan, those of Clement IV. (1893 et seq.); and J. Guiraud and L. Cadier, those of Gregory X. (1892 et seq.). On Gregory X., see F. Walter, Die Politik der Kurie unter Gregor X. (Berlin, 1894). The pontificate of John XXI. has been dealt with by R. Stapper, Papst Johannes XXI. (Münster i. W., 1898), and that of Nicholas III. by A. Demski, Papst Nikolaus III. (Münster i. W., 1903), in vol. vi. of the Kirchengeschichtliche Studien, ed. by Knöpfler, Schrörs and Sdralek. The publication of the registers of Nicholas III. was undertaken by J. Gay (1898 et seq.). Much information on the policy of these popes will be found in the following: R. Sternfield, Ludwigs des Heiligen Kreuzzug nach Tunis und die Politik Karls I. von Sizilien (Berlin, 1896); Ch. V. Langlois, Le Règne de Philippe III. le Hardi (Paris, 1887); L. Leclère, Les Rapports de la papauté et de la France sous Philippe III. (Brussels, 1889); C. Minieri-Riccio, Alcuni fatti riguardanti Carlo I. d’ Angiò . . . (Naples, 1874), and Il Regno di Carlo I. d’ Angio, in the Archivio storico italiano (3rd series, vols. xxii., xxiii., xxiv., xxv., xxvi.; 4th series, vols ii., iii., iv., v., vii., 1875–1881); A. Busson, Die Idee des deutschen Erbreichs und die ersten Habsburger (Vienna, 1878); G. del Giudice, La Famiglia di re Manfredi (Naples, 1880); and H. Otto, Die Beziehungen Rudolfs von Habsburg zu Papst Gregor X. (Innsbruck, 1895). There is a good account of the policy of Martin IV. in O. Cartellieri, Peter von Aragon und die sizilianischen Vesper (Heidelberg. 1904). On Honorius IV., see introduction to the complete edition of his registers by Maurice Prou (1886–1888). E. Langlois has published the registers of Nicholas IV. (1886–1893), and Otto Schiff deals with his pontificate in his Studien zur Geschichte Papst Nikolaus IV. (1897). On Celestine V., see H. Schulz, Peter von Murrhone (Papst Coelestin V.), Berlin, 1894. The publication of the registers of Boniface VIII. was begun by G. Digard, M. Faucon and A. Thomas (1884 et seq.). Of the vast literature on this pontificate we must content ourselves with citing: Heinrich Finke, Aus den Tagen Bonifaz’ VIII. (Münster i. W., 1902); Ch. V. Langlois, “St. Louis, Philippe le Bel, Les Derniers capétiens directs” (vol. iii., pt. ii. of Lavisse’s Histoire de France); Ernest Renan, Études sur la politique religieuse du règne de Philippe le Bel (1899); A. Baudrillart, “Des Idées qu’on se faisait au XIVᵉ siècle sur le droit d’intervention du souverain pontife en matière politique,” in the Revue d’histoire et de littérature religieuses (vol. iii., 1898); and R. Holtzmann, Wilhelm von Nogaret (Freiburg i. Br., 1898). The pontificate of Benedict XI. is dealt with by P. Funke in his Papst Benedikt XI. (Münster i. W., 1891). Cf. Ch. Grandjean, “Recherches sur l’administration financière du pape Benoît XI,” in the Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire (vol. iii., 1883), published by the French School at Rome. Grandjean has published the registers of Benedict XI. (1883 et seq.).
Among works of a more general character that throw light on the history of the papacy during the 12th and 13th centuries, the first place must be given to Walter Norden’s Das Papsttum und Byzanz. Die Trennung der beiden Mächte und das Problem ihrer Wiedervereinigung bis zum Untergange des byzantinischen Reichs (Berlin, 1903), which contains an account of the question of the East in its relations with the papal policy, from the rise of the schism down to the end of the middle ages. See also Félix Rocquain, La Papauté au moyen âge (Paris, 1881) and La Cour de Rome et l’esprit de réforme avant Luther (3 vols., Paris, 1893–1897); J. B. Sägmüller, Die Thätigkeit und Stellung der Cardinäle bis Papst Bonifaz VIII. (Freiburg i. Br., 1896); and A. Gottlob, Die päpstlichen Kreuzztigssteuern des 13. Jahrhunderts (Heiligenstadt, 1892) and Kreuzablass und Almosenablass (Stuttgart, 1906). (A. Lu.)
Period III. 1305–1590.—Baluze, Vitae paparum avenioniensium (1305–1394), 2 t. (Paris, 1693); Raynaldus, Annales eccles. ab anno 1198 [to 1565], annotated and added to by J. D. Mansi (15 vols., Lucca, 1747–1756); Mansi, Concil. collectio; Theodericus of Niem, De schismate, ed. Erler (1890); Christophe, Histoire de la papauté (1873); Hefele, Conciliengeschichte (Freiburg i. B., 1855, seq.); Höfler, Die avignonesischen Päpste (1871); Creighton, History of the Papacy (1882, seq.); L. Pastor, Geschichte der Päpste (Freiburg i. B., 1886, seq., Eng. trans, by F. I. Antrobus, 1891, seq.); Pastor, Acta pontific. (1904); N. Valois, La France et le grand schisme, 4 t. (1896, seq.); Haller, Papsttum und Kirchenreform (1903). For the Papacy in connexion with the Renaissance, see E. Müntz, Les Arts (1892); Voigt, Wiederbelebung des klassischen Altertums (1893); J. Burkhardt, Cultur der Renaissance in Italien, 2 B. (ed. L. Geiger, 1907). For the palace at Avignon, see Ehrle, Bibl. rom. pontif. i. (1890).
To the authorities for the lives of individual popes attached to the biographies under their several headings, and to the articles on the councils of Basel, Constance, Trent, may be added: Clement V.—Boutaric, Philippe le Bel (1861); König, Päpstl. Kammer unter Clemens V. u. Johann XXII. (1894); Finke, Acta Aragonen. (1908). John XXII.—Böhmer, Regest. Ludwigs des Baiern (1839); Vatikanische Aden (1891); Riezler, Literarische Widersacher (1874); Müller, Kampf Ludwigs mit der Curie (1879–1880); Coulon, Lettres secretes de Jean XXII., relat. à la France, i. (1907); Mollat, Lettres commun. de Jean XXII., i.–iv. (1907). Clement VI.—Werunsky, Kaiser Karl IV., i. (1800), ii. (1882–1886); Papencordt, Cola di Rienzo (1841); Dèprez, Lett. closes 1901 seq. Innocent VI.—Werunsky, Ital. Politik Innoc. VI. u. Karl IV. (1878); id., Karl IV. ii. (1882–1886), iii. (1892); Cerasoli, Archivio napolit. 22–23; Kirsch, Kollectorien (1892); Daumet, Innocent VI. et Blanche de Bourbon (1899). Urban V.—Magnan, Urbain V. (1863); Werunsky, Karl IV. iii. (1892); Prou, Relat. polit. avec les rois de France (1888); Wurm, Albornoz (1892); Kirsch, Rückkehr der Päpste Urban V. und Gregor XI. nach Rom (1898); Letacheux, Lettres secrètes (1903, seq.). Gregory XI.—Mirot, Retour du St Siège à Rome (1899); Tommaseo, Lettere di S. Caterina (1860); M. A. Mignaty, Catherine de Sienne (1886). Boniface IX.—Vita, ap. Muratori, Script, iii. 2; Cosmodromium, Gobelini Persona, ed. Jansen (1900); Jansen, Bonifacius IX. u. die deutsche Kirche (1904). Innocent VII.—Gregory XII., schismatic popes, council of Constance, &c. Monum. concil. gen. sacr. XV. (1857–1896); Alpartilz, Chronica, ed. Ehrle (1906); Pliemetfrieder, Literarische Polemik (1909). Martin V.—Vitae, ap. Muratori, iii. 2; Ottenthal, Bullenregister Martins V. u. Eugens IV. (1885). Eugenius IV.—Vita, ap. Muratori, Script, iii. 2; Repert. germanic. i. (1897); Müntz, Les Arts (1878–1879); Valois, Pragmatique sanction (1907). Nicholas V.—Manetti, Vita Nicolai V., ap. Muratori, Script, iii. 2; Vespasiano da Bisticci, Vite (1839); Georgius (1742); Müntz, Les Arts (1878–1879); Creighton, Papacy ii. (1882). Paul II.—Ammanati, Epistolae et commentarii (1506); Gaspar Veronensis. Vita, ap. Marini, Archiatri ii. and Muratori iii. 2 (new ed. by Zippel, 1903); Canensius, Vita, ed. Quirini (1740); Creighton, Papacy iii. (1887); Müntz, Les Arts ii. (1879). Sixtus IV.—Infessura, Diario, ed. Tommasini (1890); Notajo di Nantiporto, Diarii, ap. Muratori,
