and diplomatist, who in 1871 was appointed German ambassador to the United States and in 1882 to the Vatican, when he was instrumental in healing the breach between Germany and the papacy caused by the “May Laws.”
See Zermelo, August Ludwig Schlözer (Berlin, 1875); Wesendonck, Die Begründung der neuern deutschen Geschichtsschreibung durch Gatterer und Schlözer (Leipzig, 1876) and F. Frensdorff in Allgemeine deutsche Biog. vol. xxxi.
SCHLÜSSELBURG, a town of Russia, in the government of St Petersburg, situated on low ground surrounded by marshes, at the issue of the river Neva from Lake Ladoga, 40 m. by steamer E. of the city of St Petersburg. Pop. (1897) 5285. It was founded in 1323 by the Novgorodians, and though afterwards lost by Russia, was reconquered by Peter the Great in 1702. It has a cathedral and a fortress, built on an island in the Neva, which is now used as a political prison.
SCHLÜTER, ANDREAS (1664-1714), German sculptor and architect, was born in Hamburg. Much of his activity as a sculptor was exercised in Warsaw, but in 1694 he was summoned to Berlin. Two years later he began his designs for the rebuilding of the royal palace. The execution of these occupied him from 1699 to 1706, and the palace became a conspicuous example of barocco style in Germany. In 1713 Schlüter went to St Petersburg, where he did architectural work for Peter the Great. His principal works in Berlin are the monument of the great elector Frederick William and the 21 masks of dying warriors in the courtyard of the arsenal, the tombs of King Frederick I. and his wife, and the marble pulpit in the Marienkirche.
See C. Gurlitt, Andreas Schlüter (1891); C. F. von Kloeden, Andreas Schlüter (1855).
SCHMALKALDEN, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, situated in a narrow valley at the south-western slope of the Thuringian forest, 30 m. S.W. of Erfurt, on the railway Wernshausen-St Blasii. Pop. (1905) 9529. It has a Gothic parish church, a palace — Schloss Wilhelmsburg — with an interesting chapel and a collection of antiquities, and possesses a Gothic town hall in which the important Protestant League of Schmalkalden, or Smalkald, was concluded in 1531, and also the house in which the articles of Schmalkalden were drawn up in 1537 by Luther, Melanchthon and other reformers. It has three other Evangelical churches, a Roman Catholic church and several schools. Its industries are chiefly connected with ironwares, but leather, beer, soap and toys are also manufactured. Karl Wilhelms (1815-1873), the composer of “Die Wacht am Rhein,” was born here, and there is a memorial of him in the market-place. Schmalkalden, which was first mentioned in 874, came wholly into the possession of Hesse in 1583, having been a town since 1335.
See Wagner, Geschichte der Stadt und Herrschaft Schmalkalden (Marburg, 1849); and Wilisch, Schmalkalden und seine Umgebungen (Schmalkalden, 1884).
SCHMERLING, ANTON VON (1805-1893), Austrian statesman,
was born on the 23rd of August 1805 at Vienna, where his father
held a high position on the judicial side of the civil service.
After studying law at Vienna, in 1829 he entered the public
service, and during the next eighteen years was constantly
occupied, chiefly in Lower Austria. In 1847, as a member of
the lesser nobility, he entered the Estates of Lower Austria,
and took an active part in the Liberal movement for administrative
and constitutional reform of which they were the centre.
On the outbreak of the revolution in Vienna in March 1848,
when the mob broke into the Assembly, Schmerling was one of the
deputation which carried to the palace the demands of the people,
and during the next few days he was much occupied in organizing
the newly formed National Guard. At the end of the month he
was sent by the ministry to Frankfort as one of the men of
“public confidence.” He soon succeeded Count Colleredo as
president of the Diet, and in this capacity officially transferred to
the archduke John, who had been elected regent of Germany,
the powers of the Diet. For this he was violently attacked in the
German parliament by the extreme Radicals; but on this and
other occasions (he had himself been elected to the parliament)
he defended moderate and constitutional principles, all the more
effectively because he depended not on eloquence but on a
recognition of what has been called the “irony of facts”—to which the parliament as a whole was so blind. He was the
first and the most influential member of the ministry which
the regent formed; he held the ministry of the interior and,
later, also that of foreign affairs, and it was almost entirely due
to him that at least for a short time this phantom government
maintained some appearance of power and dignity. A defeat
in the parliament when he defended the armistice of Malmö led
to his resignation; but he was immediately called to office again,
with practically dictatorial power, in order to quell the revolt
which broke out in Frankfort on the 18th of September. His
courage and resolution averted what nearly became a terrible
catastrophe. It was his hope to establish in Germany the
supremacy of a Liberal and reformed Austria. This brought him
into opposition to the party of Prussian supremacy; and when
they attained a majority, he resigned, and was succeeded by
Gagern. He remained at Frankfort, holding the post of Austrian
envoy, and was the leader of the so-called Great German party
until the dissolution of the Austrian parliament showed that the
forces of reaction had conquered at Vienna and shattered all
hopes of Austria attaining the position he had hoped for her.
After the abortive election of the king of Prussia to be emperor, he, with the other Austrians, left Frankfort. On his return to Vienna he became minister of justice, and the reforms which he carried out added to his reputation. His popularity among all Liberals was increased by his resignation in 1851, as a protest against the failure of the government to establish the constitution they had promised. During the next few years he was judge of the supreme court of appeal. When his forecast was fulfilled, and the system of absolutism broke down, he became minister in January 1862. His first act was the publication of the constitution by which the whole of the empire was to be organized as a single state with a parliamentary government. The experiment failed, chiefly because of the opposition of the Croatians and Magyars, whom he bitterly offended by his celebrated saying that “Hungary could wait.” Faults of manner, natural in a man whose life had been spent as an official and a judge, prevented him from keeping together the German Liberals as a strong and united party; he was opposed by a powerful faction at court, and by the Clerical leaders. After the first few months the emperor gave him only a very lukewarm support; and with his retirement in 1865 the attempt to carry out the ideals of Joseph II. to Germanize while he liberalized the whole of the empire, and to compel Hungarians, Poles, Czechs and Croatians to accept a system in which the government of the whole should be carried on by a German-speaking parliament and bureaucracy, failed. The constitution of 1862, though suspended on Schmerling's fall, was still regarded as legally valid for the cis-Leithan territories, and is the basis on which the present constitution for half the empire was framed. On his retirement he returned to his judicial duties; in 1867 he was made life-member of the Upper House in the Reichsrath, of which he became vice-president, and in 1871 president. This post he laid down in 1879, and came forward as leader of the Liberal German opposition to the administration of Count Taaffe. In 1891 he retired from public life, and died at Vienna on the 23rd of May 1893.
Schmerling married, in 1835, Pauline, daughter of Field-Marshal-Lieutenant Baron von Koudelka. Frau von Schmerling, who was distinguished by literary and artistic abilities, at that time rare in the Austrian capital, died in 1840, leaving two daughters.
See Arneth, Anton v. Schmerling (Prague, 1895). This contains a full account of Schmerling's life during 1848-1849, but does not deal with his later life. Wurzbach, Biographtsches Lexicon des Kaiserthums Osterreich; Friedjung, Der Kampf um die Vorherrschaft in Deutschland; Rogge, Geschichte Österreichs.
SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886), German journalist and historian of literature, was born at Marienwerder in East Prussia on the 7th of March 1818, and after studying history and philosophy at the university of Königsberg was appointed, in 1842, to a mastership in the Luisenstadt Realschule in Berlin. In 1847 he joined the editorial staff of the Grenzboten
