opinions, his property was confiscated after the Revolution because of his social position. He was brought up a strict Catholic, and always remained attached to the church, although his first work, Of Errors and Truth, was placed upon the Index. He died at Aunay, near Paris, on the 23rd of October 1803.
His chief works are—Lettre à un ami sur la Révolution Française; Éclair sur l’association humaine; De l’esprit des choses; Ministère de l’homme-esprit. Other treatises appeared in his Œuvres posthumes (1807). Saint-Martin regarded the French Revolution as a sermon in action, if not indeed a miniature of the last judgment. His ideal society was “a natural and spiritual theocracy,” in which God would raise up men of mark and endowment, who would regard themselves strictly as “divine commissioners" to guide the people. All ecclesiastical organization was to disappear, giving place to a purely spiritual Christianity, based on the assertion of a faculty superior to the reason—moral sense, from which we derive knowledge of God. God exists as an eternal personality, and the creation is an overflowing of the divine love, which was unable to contain itself. The human soul, the human intellect or spirit, the spirit of the universe, and the elements or matter are the four stages of this divine emanation, man being the immediate reflection of God, and nature in turn a reflection of man. Man, however, has fallen from his high estate, and matter is one of the consequences of his fall. But divine love, united to humanity in Christ, will work the final regeneration.
See J. B. Gence, Notice biographique (1824); L. I. Moreau, Le Philosophe inconnu (1850); E. M. Caro, Essai sur la vie et la doctrine de Saint-Martin (1852); Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi, x. 190; A. J. Matter, Saint-Martin, le philosophe inconnu (1862); A. Franck, La Philosophie mystique en France à la fin du dix-huitième siècle (1866); A. E. Waite, The Life of Louis Claude de Saint-Martin (1901). There are English translations of The Ministry of Man the Spirit (1864) and of Select Correspondence (1863) by E. B. Penny.
ST MARTIN, an island in the West Indies, about 5 m. S. of
the British island of Anguilla in 18° N. and 63° W. It is 38 sq. m.
in area and nearly triangular in form, composed of conical hills,
culminating in Paradise Peak (1920 ft.). It is the only island in
the Antilles owned by two European powers; 17 sq. m. in the
N., belonging to France, form a dependency of Guadeloupe,
while the rest of the island, belonging to Holland, is a dependency
of Curaçao. Sugar, formerly its staple, has been succeeded by
salt. The chief town of the French area is Marigot, a free port
on the W. coast; of the Dutch, Philipsburg, on the S. St Martin
was first occupied by French freebooters in 1638, but ten years
later the division between France and Holland was peaceably
made. The inhabitants, mostly English-speaking negroes,
number about 3000 in the French part, and in the Dutch the
population in 1908 was 3817.
ST MARY (Santa Maria), an island in the Atlantic Ocean,
belonging to Portugal and forming part of the Azores (q.v.).
Pop. (1000), 6383; area, 40 sq. m. St Mary is the southernmost
and easternmost of the Azores, lying south of the larger island
of St Michael’s, through the medium of which its trade is conducted,
as it has no good harbours of its own. It produces wheat
in abundance, of which a considerable quantity is exported.
Various volcanic rocks are the predominant formations, but beds
of limestone also occur, giving rise to numerous stalactite grottoes
all over the island. The chief town is Villa do Porto (2506).
ST MARYLEBONE (commonly called Marylebone), a north-western
metropolitan borough of London, England, bounded
N. by Hampstead, E. by St Pancras and Holborn, S. by the City
of Westminster, and W. by Paddington. Pop. (1901), 133,301.
It is mainly a rich residential quarter; the most fashionable part
is found in the south, in the vicinity of Cavendish and Portman
Squares, but there are numerous fine houses surrounding Regent’s
Park and in the north-western district of St John’s Wood.
Oxford Street, with its handsome shops, bounds the borough on
the south, crossing Regent Street at Oxford Circus; Edgware
Road on the west; Marylebone Road crosses from east to west,
and from this Upper Baker Street gives access to Park,
Wellington, and Finchley Roads; and Baker Street leads southward.
Poor and squalid streets are found, in close proximity
to the wealthiest localities, between Marylebone Road and
St John’s Wood Road, and about High Street in the south, the
site of the original village. The formation of the Great Central
Railway, the Marylebone terminus of which, in Marylebone
Road, was opened in 1899, caused an extensive demolition of
streets and houses in the west central district. St Marylebone
was in the manor of Tyburn, which takes name from the Tyburn,
a stream which flowed south to the Thames through the centre
of the present borough. The church was called St Mary at the
Bourne. The name Tyburn (q.v.) was notorious chiefly as
applied to the gallows which stood near the existing junction of
Edgware Road and Oxford Street (Marble Arch). The manor
at the Domesday Survey was in the possession of the nunnery
at Barking, but the borough includes several estates, such as the
manor of Lyllestone in the west, the name of which is preserved
in Lisson Grove. From 1738 to 1776 Marylebone Gardens (which
had existed under other names from the close of the 17th century)
became one of the most favoured evening resorts in London.
They extended east of High Street as far as Harley Street, but
by 1778 the ground was being built over. Another historic site
is Horace Street near Edgware Road, formerly Cato Street, from
which the conspiracy which bore that name was directed against
the ministry in 1820.
The borough includes almost the whole of Regent’s Park, with a portion of Primrose Hill north of it. These have altogether an area of 472 acres. The park, originally Marylebone Park, was enclosed by James I., and received its modern name from the Prince Regent, afterwards George IV. It contains the Zoological Gardens, one of the most noteworthy institutions of its kind, attracting numerous visitors to its splendid collections of living animals. Here are also the gardens of the Royal Botanic Society, incorporated in 1839. They are enclosed and beautifully laid out, and contain hot-houses and a museum. Exhibitions are held each year. The Toxophilite Society, founded in 1781, has also occupied grounds here since 1883. The picturesque lake is supplied by the ancient Tyburn. The Regents Canal skirts the north side of the park. Another famous enclosure is Lord’s Cricket Ground, St John’s Wood Road. The founder, Thomas Lord (1814), at first established a cricket ground in the present Dorset Square, but it was soon moved here. Lord’s, as it is called, is the headquarters of the M.C.C.(Marylebone Cricket Club), the governing bod of the game; here are played the home matches of this club and of the Middlesex County Cricket Club, the Oxford and Cambridge, Etonand Harrow, and other well-known fixtures. The Wallace Art Collection, Hertford House, Manchester Square, was bequeathed by Sir Richard Wallace to the nation on the death of his wife in 1897. The waxwork exhibition named after Madame Tussaud, who founded it in Paris in 1780, occupies large buildings in Marylebone Road. The Parkes Museum of the Sanitary Institute is in Margaret Street. The Queen’s Hall, Langham Place, is used for concerts, including a notable annual series of orchestral promenade concerts. St Marylebone contains a great number of hospitals, among which are the Middlesex, Mortimer Street; Throat Hospital and Dental Hospital and School, Great Portland Street; Lying-in and Ophthalmic Hospitals, Marlebone Road; Samaritan Hospital for women, Seymour Street; Consumption Hospital, Margaret Street; and the Home for incurable children, St John’s Wood Road. There are also several industrial homes. Harley Street, between Marylebone Road and Cavendish Square, is noted as the residence of medical practitioners. Educational institutions include the Trinity and the Victoria Colleges of Music, in Manchester Square and Berners Street respectively; the Bedford College for women, and the Regent’s Park Baptist College. The parliamentary borough of Marylebone has east and west divisions, each returning one member. The borough council consists of a mayor, 10 aldermen and 60 councillors. Area, 1472⋅8 acres.
SAINT MARYS, a city of Auglaize county, Ohio, U.S.A., on
the Saint Marys river and the Miami & Erie canal, about 85 m.
W.N.W. of Columbus. Pop. (1910), 5732. Saint Marys is served
by the Lake Erie 81 Western, the Western Ohio (electric), and the
Toledo & Ohio Central railways. About 1 m. west is a feeding
reservoir of the canal covering about 17,600 acres. Saint Marys
is in the Ohio oil region. The city occupies the site of a former
Shawnee village, in which a trading post was established in 1782 by James Girty,[1] from whom the place was for some years
- ↑ James Girty (1743–1817) was one of the notorious Girty brothers, the sons of Simon Girty (d. 1751), an Irish immigrant. The brothers were taken prisoners by the French and Indian force which in 1756 captured Fort Granville, in what is now Mifflin county, Pennsylvania. James was adopted by the Shawnees and lived among them for three years, after which he acted as an interpreter and trader; he frequently accompanied the Indians against the English settlers, and exhibited the greatest ferocity. He conducted a profitable trading business with the Indians at St Marys in 1783–1794, when he withdrew to Canada upon the approach of General Wayne, and again from 1795 until just before the War of 1812, when he again withdrew to Canada, where he died. His brother Simon (1741–1818), who lived with the Senecas for several years after his capture, was even, more bloodthirsty; he served against the Indians in Lord Dunmore’s War, and in 1776, during the War of Independence, entered the British service as an interpreter, and after the war instigated Indian attacks on the frontier and fought with the Indians against General Arthur St Clair and General Anthony Wayne. Another brother, George Girty (1745–c. 1812), lived among the Delawares for several years, was a so a trader and interpreter, and was likewise a renegade. Thomas (1739–1820), though he associated much with the Indians, did not participate in their wars. See W. Butterfield’s History of the Girtys (Cincinnati, 1890).
