tion The Great Modern American Stories. He left unfinished Years of My Middle Life.
HUERTA, VICTORIANO (1854-1916), Mexican general and dictator, was born in Colotlan, Jalisco, Dec. 23 1854- He began his military career as a boy, graduating from Chapultepec Military College in 1876, and immediately serving in the success- ful revolt of Porfirio Diaz against President Lerdo. He was then eight years on the Military Map Commission, from 1890 to 1900 was a member of the General Staff, and later fought Indian campaigns in Sonora and Yucatan. Diaz made him a brigadier- general. When the latter fell, Huerta escorted him to Vera Cruz, then joined Madero, and conducted campaigns against Zapata in 1911 and Pascual Orozco in 1912. From Feb. 9 to 18 1913 he commanded the Madero forces when the Diaz revolutionary forces were besieged in the arsenal at Mexico City and when several thousand non-combatants were shot by the ill-directed gunfire of Huerta's men. On Feb. 18 he betrayed Madero, forcing him and the vice-president Pino Suarez (who were later murdered) to resign and obliging Congress to ratify his usurpation of power. He was recognized as president by the foreign embassies, but President Wilson refused him recognition and insisted upon his elimination. In Oct. 1913 he was characterized as a murderer by a member of the Mexican Congress, who immediately disappeared. The deputies remonstrated, whereupon Huerta arrested no of them and seized the legislative and judicial powers. In April 1914 came the Tampico incident, when two American sailors were arrested and removed from a U.S. boat for a trifling cause. Huerta's refusal to make adequate apology brought about the occupation of Vera Cruz by U.S. troops. His resignation was forced on July 15 1914. He went first to Spain, then came to New York in April 1915. In July he was arrested in Texas, charged with instigating invasion of Mexico. He was taken ill after his arrest, and was released from custody just before his death at El Paso on Jan. 13 1916. He was a man of great will power, re- markable physique and native astuteness, but possessed no training in statecraft or exceptional ability as a soldier.
MUGGINS, MARGARET LINDSAY, LADY (1848-1915), Eng- lish astronomer, was born in Dublin Aug. 14 1848, the daughter of John Murray, a Dublin solicitor, and married Sir William Huggins in 1875. From childhood she had been interested in astronomy and entered with enthusiasm into her husband's work (see 13.857). She published lives of G. P. Maggini and of Agues and Ellen Clcrkc, as well as various scientific papers, both alone and in collaboration with her husband, whom she survived for nearly five years, dying in London March 24 1915.
HUGHES, ARTHUR (1832-1915), English painter, was born in London Jan. 27 1832. In 1846 he entered the art school at Somerset House, his first master being Alfred Stevens, and later entered the Royal Academy schools. Here he met Millais and Holman Hunt, and became one of the pre-Raphaelite group of painters. His first picture, " Musidora," was hung at the Royal Academy when he was only 17, and henceforth he contributed almost annually not only to the Royal Academy but later also to the Grosvenor and New Gallery exhibitions. He also became widely known as an illustrator of books, his work in Good Words for the Young (1869) attracting much attention. With Morris, Rossetti and Burne- Jones he was responsible for the decorations of the hall of the Union Society at Oxford, which have now perished. He died at Kew Green Dec. 22 1915.
HUGHES, CHARLES EVANS (1862- ), American states- man, was born at Glen Falls, N.Y., April n 1862. He graduated from Brown University in 1881. He then studied law at Columbia (LL.B. 1884). He was admitted to the bar in 1884 and for seven years practised in New York City. From 1891 to 1893 he was professor of law at Cornell and then resumed practice in New York City, serving at the same time for several years as lecturer in the New York Law school. In 1905 he was counsel for a commission appointed by the New York Legislature to in- vestigate the cost of gas, and in the same and the following year was counsel for a legislative committee for investigating life- insurance companies. This investigation revealed many ir- regularities in the management of the companies and led to the passage by the Legislature of New York and of other states of remedial legislation. The same year he was nominated by the Republicans for mayor of New York City -but declined to run. In 1906 he was elected governor of New York State, defeating William Randolph Hearst, and was reelected in 1908. He resigned in Oct. 1910 after being appointed associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court by President Taft. In 1916 he resigned from the Supreme Court on being nominated for the presidency by the Republicans, but was narrowly defeated by President Woodrow Wilson, who had been renominated by the Democrats. Hughes's election was considered assured when the campaign began; but though he " stumped " the country widely he disappointed the people because he took no definite position on any of the specific questions involving the stand of America in the World War and especially as regards the sinking of the " Lusi- tania." The result of the election was doubtful until a full count had been made, and eventually hinged upon Minnesota and Cali- fornia, normally Republican states. Hughes carried Minnesota by a few hundred votes but lost California by a few thousand. The electoral vote was 276 for Wilson against 255 for Hughes. The popular vote was 9,116,000 for Wilson against 8,547,000 for Hughes. The following year he again entered upon the practice of law in New York City. In 1917 he was appointed chairman of the Draft Appeals Board of New York City by Governor Whitman, and the following year was special assistant to the U.S. Attorney-General, in charge of the investigation of alleged waste and delay in the construction of aircraft. He was president of the New York State Bar Association in 1917-8 and of the Legal Aid Society 1917-9. He was opposed to Article X. of the League of Nations Covenant and urged special recognition of the Monroe Doctrine. He was the leader of the New York Bar Assn. in its opposition to the expulsion of the Socialists from the N.Y. State Legislature in 1920. In 1921 he entered the Cabinet of President Harding as Secretary of State. He was one of the four U.S. delegates to the Conference on Limitation of Armament, held in Washington, D.C., Nov. 1921, and was elected permanent chairman (see WASHINGTON CONFERENCE).
HUGHES, RUPERT (1872- ), American writer, was born at Lancaster, Mo., Jan. 31 1872. He was educated at Western Reserve University (A.B. 1892; A.M. 1894) and Yale (A.M. 1899). He was assistant editor of Godey's Magazine, Current Literature and The Criterion. He served on the Mexican border in 1916 with the rank of captain; in 1918 was promoted major, and after honourable discharge in 1919 was appointed major in the reserve corps. His works include The Lakerim Club (1898); The Dozen From Lakerim (1899); Contemporary American Com- posers (1900); The Musical Guide (1903); Excuse Me! (1911); The Amiable Crimes of Dirk Memling (1913); The Thirteenth Commandment (1916); Long Ever Ago (1919) and What's the World Coming To? (1920). Among his plays are The Wooden Wedding (1902); Tommy Rot (1902); The Richest Girl in the World (1906) and Uncle Zab (1913).
HUGHES, SIR SAMUEL (1853-1921), Canadian soldier and politician, was born at Darlington, Ont., Jan. 8 1853. His father was an Irishman and his mother of Scotch-Irish and Huguenot descent. From the age of 13 he belonged to the Canadian volunteer militia, with which he saw service in 1870 at the time of the Fenian raids. In 1873 he was gazetted to the 45th regiment. Educated at Toronto University, he became a lecturer in English at the Toronto Collegiate Institute and held that post until 1885, when he gave up teaching for journalism, being editor and proprietor of the Lindsay Warder from 1885 to 1897. In 1892 he was elected to the Dominion Parliament, but in 1899 he interrupted his political career to serve in the South African War, where he commanded a mixed force of English and colonial scouts in western Cape Colony. The year 1911 saw him in England, where he attended the coronation of George V. On his return to Canada he became Minister of Militia and Defence, and in that capacity was responsible for the creation of the Overseas force which in 1914 came over to take its share in the World War. In 1915 he was created K.C.B. and promoted major-general. But, in spite of his
