end of June 1918 and the conversion of the Turkish line Ludd to
Jerusalem from 1.05-metre gauge to 4 ft. 8½-in. gauge was also
completed. The latter formed part of the original Jaffa-Jerusalem
line (completed in 1892) ; but the section, Jaffa-Ludd, was dismantled
by the Turks. The construction of the standard-gauge line
from Qantara to Haifa was a remarkable achievement. Most
difficult country had to be traversed. From Qantara to Rafa there
was nothing but desert ; and, in the early days of the line's working,
derailments were constantly occurring through the silting-up of the
track by sand. Later on, however, this was avoided by covering the
banks with brushwood and thorn; and when the line settled firmly on
the sand formation no ballasting was necessary, the hard, closely-
packed sand serving as ballast. From Rafa northward and towards
Beersheba was a fertile plain, but even here the heavy growth of
grass and corn on the tracks made large maintenance gangs neces-
sary. Beyond Gaza, marshy land was met with and it was found to
be almost impossible to build banks during wet weather owing to the
spongy nature of the cotton soil. Often, indeed, sand had to be
transported to provide a bed for the track, and many culverts and
drains were required to combat the effect of rain on the yielding soil.
As Ludd was approached the country became hilly and heavy earth-
work was necessary ; and a sea wall had to be built for a considerable
distance S. of Haifa. From Qantara to El 'Arish no bridges were
. necessary; but from El 'Arish northward wadys and streams of
varying size and depth had to be crossed; and, owing to the soft
nature of the soil round the wadys, scouring of the bridge foundations
had to be most carefully guarded against. Trestle bridges on con-
crete footings were usually constructed, pile bridges being the
exception; but permanent bridges were erected at El 'Arish and over
the Wadi Ghuzze at Gaza, and a special swing bridge, capable of
being opened in about 10 minutes, was built over the Suez Canal.
Water for the use of locomotives on the main line was provided by
a pipe-line system between Qantara and El 'Arish which was
capable of supplying 600,000 gal. a day. On the recommendation of
Gen. Stewart's committee in 1917, additional engines and pumps
were installed at a cost of 376,000; and though in March 1918 the
consumption from the pipe-line was not more than 400,000 gal. a
day, it was capable of supplying something like twice that amount.
The furthest points from Qantara at which water was drawn for
locomotives were at kilometre 194 on the main line and Karm on the
Beersheba branch line. Beyond kilometre 194 water was obtained
from wells.
Some 15 R.O.D. sections (each consisting of 267 men) and four construction companies (each of 250 men), together with native labour, were employed on the Palestine railways; the construction companies being responsible for purely constructional work, and the Railway Operating Division sections for maintenance work other than sand clearing, the sand clearing being carried out by special gangs. Traffic on the Palestine system was heaviest in 1918. In that year the total of passenger traffic increased from 325,000 in the March quarter to nearly 650,000 in the Dec. quarter; the stores carried increasing from just over 300,000 tons (D.W.) in the first quarter of the year to 400,000 tons (D.W.) in the Sept. quarter.
Throughout the campaign, it should be added, the strain on the resources of the Egyptian State railways was very great. Not only did the State railways undertake much new construction work for the military authorities, but they also had to provide for a greatly increased freight and passenger traffic at a time when their rolling- stock and material were greatly depicted and when even their repair shops were being utilized for the manufacture of bombs and grenades and the repair of ordnance and machine-guns.
A full account, from the technical point of view, of the Syrian and Mesopotamian railways is to be found in the Railway Gazette of Sept. 21 1920. (X.)
LILLY, WILLIAM SAMUEL (1840–1919), English man of letters, was born at Fifehead, Dorset, July 10 1840. He was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, taking his degree in 1862, and subsequently entered the Indian civil service, becoming in 1869 secretary to the governor of Madras. Owing to a breakdown in health, however, he had to return to England, where he devoted himself to literature. Lilly was a convert to Roman Catholicism, and from 1874 was secretary to the Catholic Union of Great Britain. His works include Ancient Religion and Modern Thought (1884); The Claims of Christianity (1894); Four English Humorists of the Nineteenth Century (1895), and Studies in Religion and Literature (1904). He died in London Aug. 29 1919.
LIMAN VON SANDERS, OTTO (1855–), Prussian general, was born Feb. 18 1855 at Stolp. After he had attained the rank of divisional commander in the German army he entered the Turkish service in 1913 for a period of five years as chief of a commission for reforming the Turkish army. He was likewise given command of the I. Turkish Army Corps, an appointment to which the Russian Government strongly objected. Liman's ap- pointment was accordingly annulled, but he remained Inspector of the Turkish army. In Jan. 1914 he was promoted to be a Prussian general of cavalry, and in Nov. of the same year, after the outbreak of the World War, he was placed in chief command of the Turkish troops in the Caucasus. In March 1915 he took command of the V. Turkish Army on the Dardanelles, and successfully opposed the attacks of the British forces and the French contingent on the peninsula of Gallipoli. In 1918 he was given the chief command of the Turkish forces in Palestine, where he shared in the disaster which overtook them at the hands of Gen. Allenby's forces and narrowly escaped being captured. After the close of the military operations he was interned at Constantinople at the end of 1918, but was liberated in the course of the following year. He recounted his war experiences in Fünf Jahre Türkei.
LINDAU, PAUL (1839–1919), German dramatist and novelist (see 16.717), published in 1909 a collection of short stories Der Held des Tages. A volume of memoirs, under the title Nur Erinnerungen, appeared in 1917. He died in Berlin Jan. 31 1919. His elder brother, Rudolph Lindau, died in 1910.
LINDLEY, NATHANIEL LINDLEY, Baron (1828–1921), Eng- lish judge (see 16.719), died at Norwich Dec. 9 1921.
LINDSAY, SIR COUTTS, 2nd Bart. (1824–1913), English artist, was born Feb. 2 1824. He succeeded in 1839 by special remainder to the baronetcy of his maternal grandfather, Sir Coutts Trotter, and afterwards entered the army, where he commanded the 1st Regt. of the Italian Legion during the Crimean War. He subsequently retired from the army and devoted himself to art. Between 1862 and 1874 he exhibited many pictures, including various successful portraits, and in 1877 founded the Grosvenor Gallery, which devoted itself to exhibiting the works of the pre-Raphaelite group and other artists who were at that time considered to be too advanced in style for the Royal Academy. His first wife, whom he married in 1864, was Caroline Blanche Elizabeth, daughter of the Rt. Hon. Henry Fitzroy by his wife Hannah Mayer de Rothschild. She was herself an artist and poet of some distinction. For 30 years before her death she lived in London or Venice, gathering a circle of friends about her which included G. F. Watts, Alma-Tadema and Browning. She collected a number of fine pictures, some of which she left to the National Gallery. She published several volumes of verse, among them From a Venetian Balcony (1903) and Poems of Love and Death (1907). She died in London Aug. 10 1912. Sir Coutts Lindsay married secondly, in 1912, Kate Harriet Madley, daughter of William Burfield. He died at Kingston May 7 1913, the baronetcy becoming extinct.
LINDSAY, [NICHOLAS] VACHEL (1879–), American writer, was born at Springfield, 111., Nov. 10 1879. In 1897 he entered Hiram College, O., but left after three years to study art in Chicago and New York. For several winters he was a Y.M.C.A. lecturer, and during 1909–10 lectured for the Anti-Saloon League in his native state. Meanwhile he had begun during the summers a series of wanderings on foot which carried him through many states, reciting or singing his own verses like an ancient minstrel, and delivering an occasional lecture, receiving in return food and lodging. In 1920 he visited England, where he gave recitals. Many of his poems have the true ballad ring.
He wrote General William Booth Enters into Heaven, and Other Poems (1913); The Congo, and Other Poems (1914) ; Adventures While Preaching the Gospel of Beauty (1914, prose) ; The Art of the Moving Picture (1915, prose) ; A Handy Guide for Beggars (1916, prose) ; The Chinese Nightingale, and Other Poems (1917); The Golden Book of Springfield (1920, prose) and The Golden Whales of California, and Other Rhymes in the American Language (1920).
LINSINGEN, ALEXANDER VON (1850–), Prussian gen- eral, was born on Feb. 10 1850 at Hildesheim. From 1909 to 1914, he was in command of the II. Army Corps, and in Jan. 1915 was given the command of the German Southern Army, which he exchanged in July of the same year for the command of the Army of the Bug. In the following Sept. the German-Austrian south-eastern group (Army Group L) was likewise placed under his command. With these forces he succeeded in repelling Russian attempts to break through in Oct. and Nov. 1915, and in 1916 and 1917. He was in command at the battle of Gartorysk
