represented by the notations of that chapter, especially by the index of probability of phase (). There are therefore independent variations in the phases which constitute the ensembles considered. This excludes ensembles like the microcanonical, in which, as energy is constant, there are only independent variations of phase. This seems necessary for the purposes of a general discussion. For although we may imagine a microcanonical ensemble to have a permanent existence when isolated from external influences, the effect of such influences would generally be to destroy the uniformity of energy in the ensemble. Moreover, since the microcanonical ensemble may be regarded as a limiting case of such ensembles as are described in Chapter I, (and that in more than one way, as shown in Chapter X,) the exclusion is rather formal than real, since any properties which belong to the microcanonical ensemble could easily be derived from those of the ensembles of Chapter I, which in a certain sense may be regarded as representing the general case.
Let us first consider the effect of variation of the external coördinates. We have already had occasion to regard these quantities as variable in the differentiation of certain equations relating to ensembles distributed according to certain laws called canonical or microcanonical. That variation of the external coördinates was, however, only carrying the attention of the mind from an ensemble with certain values of the external coördinates, and distributed in phase according to some general law depending upon those values, to another ensemble with different values of the external coördinates, and with the distribution changed to conform to these new values.
What we have now to consider is the effect which would actually result in the course of time in an ensemble of systems in which the external coördinates should be varied in any arbitrary manner. Let us suppose, in the first place, that these coördinates are varied abruptly at a given instant, being constant both before and after that instant. By the definition of the external coördinates it appears that this variation does not affect the phase of any system of the ensemble at the time
