Nemesis (1844), vol. I, pp. 196–437; Kuo, P. C., A Critical Study of the First Anglo-Chinese War, pp. 140–49, Appendix Documents, Nos. 28, 31–35, 37, 40–42; Morse, H. B., The International Relations of the Chinese Empire (1910), vol. I, pp. 266–80, 621–26; Tsiang T'ing-fu 蔣廷黻, 近代中國外交史資料輯要 Chin-tai Chung-kuo wai-chiao shih tzŭ-liao chi-yao (1931), vol. I, pp. 82–112; and 琦善與鴉片戰爭 Ch'i-shan yü ya-p'ien chan-chêng in Tsinghua Journal, vol. VI, no. 3; Chang Yin-huan, San-chou jih-chi, 8/48a.]
William R. Leete
CH'I Shao-nan 齊召南 (T. 次風, H. 一乾, 瓊臺, 息園), Feb. 23, 1706–1768, July 7, scholar and official, was a native of T'ien-t'ai, Chekiang. He ranked high in the examinations held in his native district and studied in the Fu-wên Academy 敷文書院 at Hangchow about 1720–21. Later he became a senior licentiate, but failed several times in the provincial examinations. Recommended, however, to take the second special examination known as po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ (see under Liu Lun) he passed it in 1736. He was made a bachelor in the Hanlin Academy, and was appointed an editor of the Ta-Ch'ing i-t'ung chih, "Comprehensive Geography of the Empire," (see under Hsü Ch'ien-hsüeh and Chiang T'ing-hsi). He was connected with this enterprise until the work was printed in 1744. Beginning in 1739 he also served as a collator of the imperial edition of the Thirteen Classics and of the Twenty-three Dynastic Histories, as well as compiler of the "Mirror of History" of the Ming period, Tzŭ-chih t'ung-chien kang-mu san-pien (三編), printed in 1746 (see under Shên Tê-ch'ien). Ch'i Shao-nan also served as a compiler and later as an assistant director-general for the compilation of the 續文獻通考 Hsü wên-hsien t'ung-k'ao which was printed in 1772. After his appointment as corrector in 1737, he received further promotions. When in 1744 he went home to mourn the death of his father, he was sub-reader in the Hanlin Academy.
In 1747 Ch'i Shao-nan returned to Peking and in the following year was ordered to teach the emperor's sons in the palace school known as Shang-shu fang (see under Yin-chên). About the same time he was promoted to junior Vice President of the Board of Ceremonies. He was often favored by the emperor with gifts and was granted frequent audiences. But his official career was interrupted in 1749 by an accident. While riding from the emperor's villa, Yüan-ming Yüan, to his own residence in the Ch'êng-huai yüan (see under Chang T'ing-yü) he was thrown from his mount and injured his skull. Although treated by Mongol physicians who were skilled in such matters, it appears that after three months his memory was still affected and he found it difficult to write with a pen. Being unable to carry on his official duties, he resigned. In 1750 he returned to his home, and for more than ten years directed the Fu-wên Academy where he had once been a student. In the meantime he met the emperor four times on the latter's tours of South China (1751, 1757, 1762 and 1765) and once in Peking (1761) at the celebration of the seventieth birthday of the emperor's mother. When the emperor came to Hangchow in 1765 he paid a visit to the Fu-wên Academy and composed poems with Ch'i and his students.
Ch'i Shao-nan retired to his home town in 1765, hoping to spend his last days in tranquility. But another mishap befell him two years later when he was unwittingly involved in the literary inquisition of a distant cousin, Ch'i Chou-hua [q. v.], who evidently was mentally unbalanced. In 1767 this cousin presented to the Governor of Chekiang certain of his manuscripts with a view to having him write prefaces for them. At the same time he lodged complaints against his clansmen for maltreating him, particularly against Ch'i Shao-nan whom he charged with ten offenses, one being that he had illegally accumulated great wealth which he was alleged to have entrusted to a salt-merchant of Yang-chow in order to obtain high rates of interest. When the governor examined the works of Ch'i Chou-hua he found that they contained passages prejudicial to the ruling house and disrespectful to the reigning emperor. For failure to observe and amend the conduct of his fellow-clansman, and for having written, as early as 1724, a preface to a work by his cousin, Ch'i Shao-nan was taken under escort to Peking and tried. Although it was found on further investigation that all the accusations made by Ch'i Chou-hua were baseless, Ch'i Shao-nan was nevertheless held responsible for his kinsman's conduct and was deprived of his official titles. Wishing to determine whether the accused had invested his money as stated, the emperor ordered his property appraised. Finally he demanded that the farm land and houses which Ch'i had purchased (appraised at 4,349 taels silver) be confiscated. Only a piece of land, inherited by Ch'i from his ancestors, and valued at 516 taels, was left to keep him from starvation. Thus, through no fault of his own, his wealth and comfort were
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