he played an important part in the war against the Ula tribe (see under Bujantai). At first he held the rank of a taiji 台吉, Mongolian word for a minor prince. In 1616 when his uncle, Nurhaci [q. v.], assumed the title of Khan or Emperor, Amin was made one of the Four Senior Beile (see under Nurhaci) to assist in the administration. In order of seniority he was known as the Second Beile, and was given command of the Bordered Blue Banner. He took part in 1619 in the great battles against the expeditionary force sent by the Ming Court (see under Yang Hao). In 1621 he fought bravely during the taking of Shên-yang and Liao-yang and then commanded the expedition which drove Mao Wên-lung [q. v.] from Korea. In 1626, after Nurhaci died and Abahai [q. v.], the Fourth Beile, succeeded to the throne, Amin and the other two Senior Beile, Daišan and Manggûltai [qq. v.], ruled jointly with Abahai. In 1627 Amin was in command of the expedition to Korea and was successful in forcing the king of Korea to sue for peace. His aim in subjugating Korea was probably to make himself king of that country, but he was opposed by the other princes who had been sent as his assistants, including his own brother, Jirgalang [q. v.], and his nephews, Dudu (see under Cuyen) and Yoto [q. v.]. When these princes signed separately a treaty with the Korean king, Amin was so angry that he set his troops free for three days of pillaging.
In 1629, when Abahai invaded China, Amin was left at Mukden as regent. After Abahai returned to Mukden in April 1630 Amin was sent to Yung-p'ing to guard the four cities that had been recently conquered. Amin arrived at Yung-p'ing on May 6, but soon the Ming troops counter-attacked and defeated the Manchus in several battles. On June 22, when the Ming troops were approaching, Amin fled from Yung-p'ing but not before he had plundered the city and massacred the Chinese inhabitants. Upon his arrival at Shên-yang in July Amin was arrested and tried for fleeing from his post, for not having confronted the enemy in a single engagement, for losing many warriors, and for other misdemeanors. A council of princes and high officials condemned him to death on sixteen counts, but Abahai commuted the sentence to incarceration. Amin died in prison.
The fall of Amin cleared the way for Abahai to consolidate his powers over the other princes. The Bordered Blue Banner which Amin had controlled was given to his younger brother, Jirgalang, a devoted follower of Abahai. From this it is clear that Abahai was still fearful of radically altering the Banner arrangements which his father had designated (see under Nurhaci). But the elimination of Amin made it easier for Abahai to reduce the power of Manggûltai (1631) and to appropriate for himself the latter's Plain Blue Banner.
[1/221/5a; 2/3/11b; 3/首9/1a; Hauer, E., K'ai-kuo fang-lüeh, pp. 236–41, passim; 34/133/1a; Mêng Sên 孟森, 八旗制度考實 in Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology (Academia Sinica), vol. VI, part 3 (1936).]
AMURSANA 阿睦爾撒納, d. 1757, taisha of the Khoits, who was instrumental in the Chinese conquest of Sungaria, was a son of Boitalak 博託洛克, daughter of Tsewang Araptan [q. v.], who was married (1714) to Danjung 丹衷, the eldest son of Latzan Khan (see under Tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho). Some time after Danjung died (about 1717, said to have been killed by his father-in-law), leaving a son, Banjur 班珠爾, Boitalak married a taisha of the Khoits (see under Galdan) and later gave birth to Amursana. (Emperor Kao-tsung asserted that Boitalak had conceived before her second marriage, thus demonstrating that Amursana had no claim to be taisha of the Khoits—a statement that can scarcely be taken at face value. Some accounts assert that the mother of Amursana was a daughter of Boitalak, which seems equally improbable).
As a tribe, the Khoits were lower in rank than the other Western Mongols and their taisha was himself subordinate to the Derbets (see under Galdan) who in turn were under the rule of the Khuntaisha of the Sungars. When Amursana became taisha of the Khoits, he found the power of the Sungars waning. Galdan Tseren (see under Tsewang Araptan), the powerful and intelligent ruler of the Sungar empire, died in August or September, 1745, and was succeeded by his second son, Tsewang Dorji Namjar. The latter was quite young and was more interested in killing dogs than attending to affairs of state. In 1750 a group of his high officials or saisan 宰桑 rebelled, captured him, and after taking out his eyes, sent him a prisoner to Aksu. They proclaimed, as taisha of the Sungars, the eldest but illegitimate son of Galdan Tseren, Lama Darja 喇嘛達爾札 (d. 1752). In spite of his low birth, Lama Darja met little opposition except from Davatsi 達瓦齊 (d. 1759), grandson of the famous Cheren Dondub (see under Tsewang Araptan) who once conquered Tibet. In 1751
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