(autumn 1850). While on his way to these new posts he died at Ch'ao-chou, Kwangtung. He was granted all appropriate honors and was canonized as Wên-chung 文忠. In 1851 his name was entered in the Temple of Eminent Officials (名宦祠) in Yunnan; and in 1865, in Kiangsu. In 1852 a special temple was erected to his memory in Sian, Shensi; and two temples were dedicated to him in Foochow. In 1929 the Chinese Government set up a memorial to him at the Bogue, and designated June 3 (the day when he began the destruction of opium) as a national Opium Prohibition Day.
Lin Tsê-hsü had three sons: Lin Ju-chou 林汝舟 (T. 鏡颿, b. 1814, chin-shih of 1838), Lin Ts'ung-i 林聰彝 (T. 聽孫, b. 1824), and Lin Kung-shu 林拱樞 (T. 心北, b. Jan. 1827). The two younger sons accompanied him to Ili. One of Lin's daughters was the wife of Shên Pao-chên [q. v.].
Most of the writings of Lin Tsê-hsü were printed after his death by his family. A collection of his memorials, comprising 37 chüan, is entitled 林文忠公政書 Lin Wên-chung kung chêng-shu. His collected verse and prose bear the titles 雲左山房詩鈔 Yün-tso shan-fang shih-ch'ao, 8 chüan and Yün-tso shan fang wên (文)-ch'ao, 4 chüan, respectively. He also left a short work on the water facilities of the metropolitan area of Peking, entitled 畿輔水利議 Chi-u shui-li i. While he was in Canton he paid much attention to the geography and the sciences of the West. He was particularly interested in Western weapons of warfare and means of maritime defense, and employed a staff to collect and translate material from Western sources—mostly periodicals. This information was brought together in the 四洲志Ssŭ-chou chih which Wei Yüan [q. v.] acknowledged as one of the important sources for his Hai-kuo t'u-chih. Lin's Ssŭ-chou chih, his Tien-yao chi-ch'êng and his Ho-ko chi-ch'êng were all reprinted in the Hsiao-fang-hu chai yü-ti ts'ung-ch'ao (see under Hsü Chi-yü). Eight of his previously unpublished memorials were printed in the 史料旬刊 Shih-liao hsün-k'an (No. 35, May 11, 1931). His great-grandson, Lin Hsiang 林翔 (T. 璧如), brought together some of the documents on opium prohibition in one volume, entitled 信及錄 Hsin-chi lu, and his memorials on the same subject under the title 林文忠公禁煙奏稿 Lin Wên-chung kung chin-yen tsou-kao (1929). Lin Tsê-hsü was widely known as an accomplished calligrapher. A few of his letters were reproduced in 1887, in facsimile handwriting, in the 名人書札 Ming jên shu-cha.
[1/375/1a; 3/203/14a; 7/25/1a; 20/4/xx (portrait); 26/3/20b; Wei Ying-ch'i 魏應祺, Lin Wên-chung kung nien-p'u (1931); Min-hou hsien chih (1933) 69/10a; Tao-kuang ch'ao Ch'ou-pan I-wu shih-mo (see under I-hsin); Li Kuei 李圭, 鴉片事略 Ya-p'ien shih-lüeh (1931); Kuo, P. C., A Critical Study of the First Anglo-Chinese War with Documents (1935); Ch'ên, Gideon, Lin Tsê-hsü (1934); Shên Wei-tai, China's Foreign Policy 1839–1860 (1932); Murray, Alexander, Doings in China (1843, with portrait of Lin from a drawing by a native artist); Morse, H. B., The International Relations of the Chinese Empire vol. I; Giles, H. A., Gems of Chinese Literature, pp. 259–61, for English trans. of letter to Queen Victoria; Overdijkink, G. W., Lin Tsê-hsü, een biographische schets, Leiden 1938; Chinese Repository 1839, 1840, British Parliamentary Papers, "Correspondence Relating to China 1840"; Jano Jinichi 矢野仁一, 近世支那外交史 Kinsei Shina gaikō-shi (1930), pp. 170–351.]
LING T'ing-k'an 凌廷堪 (T. 次仲, 仲子), Oct. 2, 1757–1809, July 14, scholar, was born in the village of Pan-p'u, in Hai-chou, Kiangsu, although his ancestral home was in Shê-hsien, Anhwei. His father, Ling Wên-ch'ang 凌文焻 (T. 燦然, 1706–1763), who for business reasons settled in Pan-p'u, died when his son was little more than six sui. Ling T'ing-k'an was able to attend school but a few years—until he was thirteen sui—when, owing to financial reasons, he became an apprentice. Nevertheless, his love for literature continued and in his leisure he learned to write verse. In 1779 he went to Yangchow where he was engaged as an assistant editor in the Tz'ŭ-ch'ü chün 詞曲局, a temporary bureau charged with the censorship of dramatic works, primarily to see that these contained nothing which might be interpreted as prejudical to the reigning dynasty. The bureau, headed by Huang Wên-yang 黄文暘 (T. 時若, H. 秋平, b. 1736), was established in 1777 (1778?) and the project was completed in four years, resulting in an annotated catalogue of dramatic works under Huang's editorship, entitled 曲海 Ch'ü-hai, 20 chüan. This work seems to have been lost, although a list of about one thousand titles compiled by the bureau is preserved by Li Tou 李斗 (T. 北有, H. 艾塘) in his famous work about Yangchow, known as 楊州畫舫錄 Yang-chou hua-fang lu, 18 chüan, printed in
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