and Yüan Mei [qq. v.]. Being a poet of wide reputation, he had a great many literary friends, among them Sun Hsing-yen, Shih Yün-yü, Wu Hsi-ch'i, Fa-shih-shan, Chao Huai-yü [qq. v.], Wang Ch'i-sun (see under Shih Yün-yü), I Ping-shou 伊秉綬 (T. 組似, H. 墨卿, 1754–1815), Li Kêng-yün 李賡芸 (T. 生甫, H. 書田, 許齋, 1754–1817), and Wang Hsüeh-hao 王學浩 (T. 孟養, H. 椒畦, 1754–1832). Chang Wên-t'ao was also an intimate friend of two fellow-provincial poets—Li Ting-yüan (see under Li T'iao-yüan) and P'êng Hui-chi 彭蕙芰 (T. 樹百, H. 田橋, chu-jên of 1800)—whom he often mentions in his verse. In his introduction to a poem, entitled 贈高蘭墅同年 Tsêng Kao Lan-shu t'ung-nien, he states that the last 40 chapters of the famous novel Hung-lou mêng (see under Ts'ao Chan) were added to the novel by Kao Ê 高鶚 (T. 蘭墅, chü-jên of 1788 and chin-shih of 1795)—thus giving information of real value concerning the authorship of that novel.
Chang Wên-t'ao was both a calligrapher and a painter-being ranked in the latter field with the Ming artist, Hsü Wei 徐渭 (T. 文長, 天池, H. 青藤道士, 白鷴山人), 1521–1593. He was one of twelve members of the Hanlin Academy who in 1800 were selected to write on a screen in the Yang Hsin Tien 養心殿, a hall in the Palace.
A collection of Chang Wên-t'ao's verse, entitled 船山詩草 Ch'uan-shan shih-ts'ao, 20 chüan, was printed in 1815. This selection, arranged by himself chronologically, consists of poems written during the years 1778–1813. Another selection of verse, arranged by Shih Yün-yü under the title Ch'uan-shan shih-ts'ao hsüan (選), 6 chüan, appeared in 1817 in the collectanea, Shih-li-chü Huang-shih ts'ung-shu (see under Huang P'ei-lieh). A supplement (補遺) in 6 chüan to the Ch'uan-shan shih-ts'ao was edited by Ku Han (see under Ku K'uei-kuang) and printed in 1849.
Chang Wên-t'ao's biographer, Chang Wei-p'ing [q. v.], writes that Chang's features resembled those of a monkey. Perhaps for this reason Chang styled himself, Shu-shan Lao-yüan, the "Old Gibbon of Szechwan". Chang Wên-t'ao's wife, Lin P'ei-huan, was a painter. His elder brother, Chang Wên-an 張問安 (T. 亥白, 季門, chü-jên of 1788), left a collection of verse, entitled 小瑯環詩集 Hsiao-lang-huan shih-chi. The latter's wife, Ch'ên Hui-chu 陳慧殊 (T. 緗箬, d. age 29 sui), was the author of a collection of verse, entitled 香遠齋詩稿 Hsiang-yüan chai shih-kao.
[1/490/7b; 2/72/50a; 3/244/46a, 補錄; 7/44/1a; 19/戊上/36b; 21/6/19b; 23/51/10a; 29/7/7a; Sui-ning hsien chih (1929 passim, for characters see under Chang P'êng-ko); L.T.C.L.H.M., 271a lists 11 paintings attributed to Chang Wên-t'ao.]
CHANG Yin-huan 張蔭桓 (T. 樵野, H. 紅棉主人), Feb. 8, 1837–1900, Aug. 20, diplomat, was a native of the town of Fo-shan (Fatshan) in the district of Nan-hai (Canton). As a young man he was talented and adventurous. Failing to become a hsiu-ts'ai in his first district examination, he did not try again, but spent much of his time in the study of foreign relations. He purchased the title of a student of the Imperial Academy and later the rank of magistrate. About 1864 he was sent to Shantung as an expectant magistrate and while there was highly regarded by his superior, Ting Pao-chên [q. v.] who was then provincial judge of Shantung in charge of an army fighting the Nien banditti (see under Sêng-ko-lin-ch'in). Ting became financial commissioner (1865) and later governor (1867) of that province. As such he was trusted by the Court in Peking to suppress bandits and to look after dikes on the rivers. In matters of river conservancy he relied much on the knowledge and advice of Chang Yin-huan whom he entrusted also with the composition of his memorials and other documents. For a time Chang was likewise in charge of the training of a battalion of cavalry from Heilungkiang. By 1869 he was promoted to the rank of an expectant intendant. He was sent, however, to serve under the governor-general, Li Han-chang (see under Li Hung-chang), as chief of Li's military secretariat at Wuchang, Hupeh.
In 1874, owing to the Japanese invasion of Formosa (see under Shên Pao-chên), all the governors of coastal provinces were ordered to strengthen their defenses. Ting Pao-chên, as governor of Shantung, took the opportunity to ask the Court to transfer Chang Yin-huan back to Shantung. In a memorial, submitted late in 1874, he stated that Chang had not only a requisite knowledge of coast defense, but also of foreign affairs. In 1875 Chang went to Tientsin to consult Li Hung-chang on problems of fortification. Upon his return he supervised a survey of the coastline of Shantung, and in
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