principal other buildings are the church of St Nicholas (with a tower 330 feet high and a valuable library), the old town-house, the theatre, the gymnasium, the orphanage, and the lunatic asylum. There is a considerable shipping trade in Pomeranian corn with England, France, and the Mediterranean ports. Fish-curing, shipbuilding, and the manufacture of machines, railway waggons, needles, soap, tobacco, and oil, are the principal other industries. The population in 1875 was 18,022. Greifswald was founded about 1240 by mechanics and merchants from the Netherlands. In 1250 it received a town constitution and Liibeck rights from Duke Wratislaus of Pomerania. In 1270 it formed a league with the Hanse towns, Stralsuud, Kostoek, "VVisinar, and Liibeck ; and it took part in the wars which they carried on against the kings of Denmark and Norway. During the Thirty Years War it was formed into a fortress by the imperialists, but they vacated it in 1631 to the Swedes, in whose possession it remained after the peace of Westphalia. In 1678 it was captured by the elector of Brandenburg, but it was restored to the Swedes in the following year; in 1713 it was desolated by the llussians; in 1715 it came into the possession of Denmark; and in 1721 it was again restored to Sweden, under whose protection it remained till 1815, when, along with the whole of Swedish Pomerania, it came into the possession of Prussia. See Kosegarten, Gcschichte dcr Uni- versitat Greifswald, 1856; and Gesterding, BeitragzuT Gcscliichte dcr Stadt Greifswald, 3 vols., 1827-29.
GREIZ, or Greitz (formerly Grewitz or Grewz), a town
of Germany, capital of the principality of Reuss-Greiz, is
situated in a pleasant valley on the right bank of the White
Elster, near the borders of Saxony, and .14 miles W. by S.
of Zwickau. It is surrounded by walls, and is tolerably
well built. The principal buildings are the prince s palace
surrounded by a fine park, the old "residence" castle on a
rock overlooking the town, the summer palace with a fine
garden, the old town church dating from 1225 and possess
ing a beautiful tower, the town-house, the city school build
ings, the normal seminary for the principality, and the
lower city school. The industries include dyeing, tanning,
and the manufacture of woollen, cotton, and silk cloth,
shawls, coverlets, and paper. The population in 1875 was
12,057.
Creiz is apparently of Slavic origin. From the 12th century it
was governed by bailiff s, but in 1236 it came into the possession of
Gera, and in 1550 of the younger line of the house of Plauen. It
was wholly destroyed by fire in 1494, and almost wholly in 1802.
See Wilke, Grciz und seine Umgcbung, 1875.
GRENADA, the most southern island of the Antilles,
lies between 11 58 and 12 30 , N. lat. and 61 20 and 61
35 W. long. It is 30 leagues S. VV. of Barbados, and about
60 miles from the nearest point of South America. Its
length from north to south is about 24 miles, and its
greatest breadth is 12 miles. The area is 133 square miles.
Grenada is rendered highly picturesque by ridges of hills
covered with trees and brushwood, and by an irregular but
continuous range of mountains which traverses the island
from north to south, in some parts rising to 3000 feet
above the level of the sea. Lesser ridges branch off, form
ing rich and picturesque valleys. The mountains and some
parts of the lowlands consist of red and gray sandstone,
greywacke, hornblende, and argillaceous schist. The strata
are much diversified and irregular. Sulphur and fuller s
earth are found. Porphyry, limestone, and basaltic rocks
occur at certain places. Rivers are numerous, but not large.
In the centre of the island, 1740 feet above the level of
the sea, is the Grand Etang, a circular lake 2 miles in cir
cumference and 14 feet deep, feeding numerous small
rivers. Lake Antoine is another remarkable natural
feature. There are several hot chalybeate and sulphurous
springs. Along the coast are numerous excellent bays and
harbours. The waters abound with fish ; game and birds
of various species are found. Hurricanes are compara
tively unfrequent, but earthquake shocks are sometimes
experienced. The average temperature is 82 Fahr., but
the higher parts are cooler. Considerable rain falls. The
soil is extraordinarily fertile; but cotton, indigo, and tobacco
are not now cultivated. Fruits and some kinds of European
vegetables grow luxuriantly. Sugar cultivation is not ex,-
tending, but cocoa is now making rapid strides. The
island is divided into six parishes. Formerly it had a
house of assembly, but is now a crown colony under the
general government of the Windward Islands. It has a
lieutenant-governor and a council consisting of officials
and members nominated by the crown.
The capital, St George s (population about 5000), is
built upon a peninsula projecting into a spacious bay on the
west side of the island, near the southern extremity. The
houses are of brick or stone, and stand on high ground
which rises from the bay. The town is divided by a ridge
running into the sea, forming on one side the careenage,
a large basin of water, where ships lie landlocked, close
to wharves and stores. A saluting battery, Fort George,
overlooks the entrance. On the left, the land rises to the
fortifications of Hospital Hill ; and a long ridge connects
this fort with Richmond Heights, which form the back
ground of the scene and are also fortified. The ridge
which connects Fort George with Hospital Hill separates
the careenage from the larger portion of the town, which
contains an extensive market-place, and looks upon the
bay. Besides the careenage, there is a spacious sheet of
water called the lagoon, separated from the former by a
reef passable only by boats.
Between Grenada and St Vincent there are several small
islands called Grenadines, some being included in the
government of Grenada. Of these Carriacou is the most
important, It is about 19 miles in circumference, and con
tains 3071 inhabitants. Ground provisions, live stock, and
some cocoa are cultivated.
The exports in 1877 were cocoa, 1244 tons ; whale oil, 6720
galls. ; rum, 53,609 galls. ; sugar, 2792 tons. The cocoa exports
in 1878 were 1900 tons, an amount considerably exceeded in 1879.
The total value of imports amounted in 1877 to 127, 204, includ
ing 60,201 from the United Kingdom, and 46,724 from the British
West Indies. The value of exports to the United Kingdom was
122,821, and to other countries, 23,085 ; total, 145,906. The
revenue was 29,084, of which customs produced 13,460, and the
expenditure was 29,581. Population (1877), 41,355. About 400
Coolie immigrants were introduced in 1877. Considerable immigra
tion takes place from Barbados. The legislature grants 1200
annually for education, distributed among 30 schools, 16 Anglican,
5 Wesleyan, 9 Roman Catholic, with 2908 scholars.
Grenada was discovered by Columbus in 1498. The Spaniards,
however, did not form a settlement there. The island is one of
the "Caribbees" granted to the earl of Carlisle in 1627; but it was
inhabited only by warlike Caribs until 1650-51, when Du Parquet,
governor of Martinique, organized two expeditions to it. The
Frenchmen were at first well received by the natives, but great
cruelty was exercised in the extirpation of the latter. The island
made little progress until after 1700. In 1714 the French West
India Company acquired their property in Grenada ; commercial
intercourse sprang up with Martinique ; and when the company was
dissolved the island became vested in the crown of France. In
1753 it contained 1262 whites, 11,991 slaves, and 83 sugar planta
tions. In 1762 Grenada capitulated to the British forces, and it
was formally ceded in the treaty of peace of 1763. It was, however,
retaken by the French in 1779, and not finally restored to Great
Britain in 1783 till the general peace.
GRENOBLE, a fortified city of France, formerly the
chief town of Dauphine and now of the department of tie
Isere, lies 58 miles E. of Lyons, in 45 11 57" N. lat. and
5 43 29" E. long. Few of the cities of France have a
finer situation. The Isere unites with the Drac a few miles
further down, and the broad and fertile valley through
which the rivers flow is encompassed by a fine panorama
of hills and mountains. From the botanic gardens, for ex
ample, the eastward view comprises the Savoy Alps with the
summit of Mount Blanc, and the westward the mountains
of St Nizier, while more to the north the hills rise directly
above the town, and are crowned by the fort of the Bastille.
The beauty of the Isere itself is enhanced by fine bridges
