Grindal yielded to the peremptory orders of Elizabeth in regard to the clergy who refused to sign the Act of Uni formity, he seems on all other occasions, while conducting himself with great moderation and manifesting unvarying courtesy and an earnest desire to avoid every cause of offence, to have strenuously upheld the spiritual independ ence of his office. His aims were on the whole noble and unselfish, and he was zealous in his endeavours to reform the abuses of his predecessor, to improve the moral and intellectual status of the clergy, and as far as possible to conciliate and reclaim the Puritans. He was sincerely attached to Protestantism, and laid much stress on the function of preaching, a " gift " in which he himself is said to have excelled. Grindal is alluded to (as Algrind) in the seventh " aeglogue " of Spenser s /Shepheards Calender.
His literary remains, which are unimportant, have been published by the Parker Society, with a biographical notice by the Rev. Wm. Nicholson, 1853. See also Strype s Life of Grindal, London, 1710, Oxford, 1821 ; A Brief and True Account of Edmund Grindal, 1710 ; Memorials regarding his Suspension, &c., supposed by some to have been written by Sacheverel, 1710; Fuller s Worthies; and Hook s Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, vol. viii.
GRINDSTONE. Sandstones which possess the property
of abrading steel and other hard substances are extensively
used in arts and manufactures under the name of grind
stones. In its simplest form a grindstone consists of a
stone disc, more or less circular, mounted on a horizontal
iron spindle carried on the tops of two wooden posts fixed
in the ground. A. winch handle, or occasionally a rude
crank with treadle, provides the means of giving a slow
rotation to the stone, against the cylindrical face of which
the steel or other substance which is to be ground is held.
Such grindstones possessing neither truth of figure nor
the means of obtaining it are unsuitable for any but the
roughest purposes ; and although by mounting them in a
frame to which a rest can be attached it is possible to keep
them true and tolerably efficient, they are always slow in
their action.
Cutlers employ grindstones which are roughly mounted
but which act well, being driven at a much higher speed
by a strap from a large wheel or pulley, and they carefully
preserve the truth of the cylindrical face. And in many
manufacturing processes the surface speed of the face is
still further increased by employing very large stones, and
giving them the greatest number of revolutions per minute
that is compatible with safety, this limit even being some
times exceeded, when the centrifugal force overcomes the
rather slight cohesive strength of the stones, and breaks
them up into fragments which fly to great distances with
disastrous results. Sandstone suitable for grindstones of
various degrees of hardness and fineness is found in the coal
districts of the north of England, and also in those of the
midland counties. A favourite stone for tool-grinding at
a low speed is quarried at Bilston in Staffordshire. The
neighbourhood of Sheffield also affords some useful qualities
of grindstone.
Artificial grindstones closely resembling the natural stones,
but of perfectly uniform texture, which the natural ones
frequently are not, were made a few years ago by Mr
Ransome s ingenious process. Their manufacture has been
discontinued, but artificial grindstones of another kind,
made with emery instead of sand, are now effecting a com
plete revolution in the art of the machinist. By means of
these emery grinders, to which great variety of size and
form can be given so as to suit the particular purposes for
which they are intended, the operation of trueing up metal
surfaces by hand, whether they are large or small, curved
or flat, can in very many kinds of work be entirely dis
pensed with, the results being superior in truth of figure,
uniform in all cases, and obtained in a mere fraction of the
time which the most skilful workman would require. The
I extensive use of these grinders in America (where the im
portance of labour-saving machines is properly appreciated)
renders it certain that the system will gradually make its
way also in England, and that hand-filing will thus to
a large extent be superseded, files being costly instru
ments in themselves, and many times more costly in their
use, owing to the skill which they demand on the part of
the workman who handles them.
Artificial wheels made with emery are by no means a
new invention. In India and China they have been used
for centuries ; but, being made with lac and similar fusible
materials, such wheels are not capable of being run at the
high rate of speed which is a first essential to their effici
ency. Others, however, which were not liable to these
objections were made and patented in England more than
thirty years ago ; and it is surprising that these have
not been more generally used. The chief advantage of
those now made, some of which are manufactured in the
United States, some on the continent of Europe, and
some in England, is that they can be obtained of large
size up to about 3 feet in diameter and that they are
strong enough to be driven at a very high speed without
breaking. At a surface speed of 5000 or 6000 feet per
minute these wheels cut tempered steel readily, when used
either wet or dry, and by their means it can be shaped, if
necessary, in its hardest condition, with a facility previously
unattainable. As in the case of common grindstones, truth
of form is most important to their efficient working, and
it is therefore desirable that the work under treatment
should be held perfectly rigid, by means of some form of
sliding rest, or otherwise. When so used the wear of the
emery wheel, which is exceedingly slow, keeps it constantly
true without attention. If from any cause this truth of
figure be lost, or if it be desired to alter the form of the
face, recourse must be had to turning it up with a diamond,
nothing else in nature being sufficiently hard for the
purpose.
GRINGOIRE, or Gringox, Pierre (c. 1480-1544),
was the last of the mediaeval poets. He lived to see the
old methods which he was taught to believe unchangeable
entirely superseded. He was born about the time when
King Rend, the last of the princely trouveres, died ; lie
finished his career when Marot had already introduced a
new and natural genre which he could not understand, and
when Ronsard and Baif were beginning those studies which
would interpose a barrier between the old language and the
new. It was not to be expected that he should ever fall in
with the new movements, or that he should understand the
enormous value of the changes which were destined to consign his own works to oblivion.
The place of his birth is uncertain. Perhaps it was Lorraine, perhaps Normandy. His real name was Gringon, which he changed to Gringoire, for the poetical reason that it sounded better. His early history is almost entirely un known ; at the age of nineteen or twenty he produced his ! first poem, Le Chateau de Labour, in which he is supposed to have narrated his own experiences. Most probably he did. Rend, Charles of Orleans, Froissart, Deschamps, all the poets whose works he would study, began with a poetical exposition of their own experiences. There are, in Gringoire s poem, the personages common to all mediaeval allegories, Raison, Bonne Volonte, Talent de beau faire, for friends, and Souci, Tromperie, and the rest, for enemies. Finding that the trade in allegorical poems was ruined for want of demand, and discovering an opening in the direc tion of mysteries, Gringoire began to produce those dramas, and joined the " Enfants de Sans Souci." The fraternity advanced him to the dignity of " Mere Sotte," and after wards to the highest honour of the guild, that of " Prince des Sots." For twenty years Gringoire seems to have been
