Like Urbino and Faenza, Gubbio was formerly noted for its majolica, and it was Maestro Giorgio of Gubbio who re- discovered the ruby glazing for which this ware is remark- able. ‘The manufacture has been resumed in modern times. In the neighbourhood of the town there isa great reservoir, La Bottacione, capable of containing 4,720,000 cubic feet of water. The population in 1871 was 5343 in the town
and 22,787 in the commune. See Eugubine Tables.
The ancient Umbrian city of Zkuvio, Iguvium, or Eugubium occupied a site a little further out in the plain, to the left of the Via Flaminia. There is no mention of it in Roman history till the time of its subjugation. It was the place selected by the senate for the detention of the Illyrian king Gentius and his sons, and it was an important post in the wars betweeen Cesar and Pompey. The site is still marked by ruins, among which are those of the theatre dis- covered in 1789 by Ranghiasci (Discoprimento, Perugia, 1790), and further explored in 1863 (Boll. del?’ Institut. di corr. arch., tom. xii.). It is also known that the town possessed temples to Diana, to Vesta, to Janus, to Pallas, and to the Sun and Apollo; and about 8 miles to the north was the cclebrated temple of the Apennine Jove. The modern city was raised from the decay into which it had fallen by Otto the Great, whose charter may be seen in Reposati’s Della Zecca di Gubbio, Bologna, 1773. In 1155 it was besieged by Frederick Barbarossa, but was saved by the intercession of St Ubaldo. The temporal government of the town, which had previously been in the hands of the papal legate, the bishop, or the prior of the cathedral, was then placed by the emperor in the hands of the people. The first podesta appears in 1163. During the 14th century the prosperity of Gubbio was greatly advanced ; it obtained jurisdiction over 130 castles, had great influence over the neighbouring cities, and possessed about 30,000 inhabitants. In 1384 it surrendered to Montefeltro, and thus became incorporated with the duchy of Urbino. An account of the school of painting which flourished in Gubbio in the 15th century is given by Ranghiasci Sebastiani in vol. iv. of the Siena edition of Vasari, and by Amico Ricci in his Memorie di belle arti in Gubbio, Bologna, 1831. Reference may also be made to Statute civitatis Eugubii, Gerona, 1686; Greffolini, De gestis Eugubinorum; Sarti, De Episcopis Eugubinis, 1755; and the Marchese Brancaleoni, “ Dei palazzi municipali e pretorio di Gubbio” in Archivio Storico, 1867.
GUBEN, a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, capital of a circle in the government district of Frankfort, is situated at the confluence of the Lubist with the Neisse and at the junction of three different railways, 28 miles S.S.E. of Frankfort. It is the seat of a circle court and of a district office, and possesses three evangelical churches, an Old Lutheran church, a Catholic church, a synagogue, a gym- nasium, a real-school of the first order, two higher female schools, an infirmary, and a theatre. The principal industries are the spinning and weaving of wool, dyeing, tanning, and the manufacture of pottery ware, hats, and machinery. The vine is cultivated in the neighbourhood to some extent, and there is also some trade in fruit and vegetables, The population in 1875 was 23,704.
Guben is of Wendish origin. It is mentioned in the time of the empcror Henry II., and received town rights in 1285. It was surrounded by walls in 1811, about which time it came into the possession of the margrave of Brandenburg, from whom it passed to Bohemia in 1867. It was twice devastated by the Hussites, and in 1631 and 1685 it was occupied by the Swedes. In the latter year it came into the possession of the electorate of Saxony, and in 1815 it was, along with the rest of Lower Lausatia, united to Prussia.
GUDGEON (G@obio), a small fish of the family Cypri- ride (see Ichthyology), with narrow, cylindrical body, and with a small barbel at each corner of the mouth. These fishes are generally distributed over Europe, the most com- mon being Gobio fluviatilis, called “goujon” in France, “ gréssling ” or ‘ griindling” in Germany, and “ gobione” in Italy. They thrive in streams as well as lakes, always keeping to the bottom, and scarcely exceeding a length of 8 inches. Gudgeons differing but little from the European are equally common in China and Japan.
Dutch Gerderland or Gelre, in German Geldern, and in Latin Geldria), formerly a duchy of the empire, bounded by Friesland, Westphalia, Brabant, Holland, and the Zuydersee. At the beginning of the Christian era the land was held by Batavians and Chamavians, and a few centuries later both Saxons and Franks were added to its population. The Carolingian kings ruled over it by means of a number of counts, among whom those of Hameland, Teisterbant (Testrebante), and Nimeguen were the most prominent ; but hitherto it has not been discovered how these counts are connected with the later dynasty of the counts of Guelderland and Zutphen, which makes its appearance in the 11th century. There is documentary proof at Braunweiler of the existence of a Count Otto at the end of the 10th century, and a charter of 1096 is sealed by Gerhard of Gelder. Count Gerhard II. of Gelder married Ermgard of Zutphen, and their son Henry succeeded to the double inheritance. Both Henry (1131–1182) and his son and successor Otto I. (1182–1207) considerably extended their domains, and Otto deserves to be remembered for the civic rights which by a happy innovation he bestowed on the town of Zutphen in 1190. Gerhard ITI. (1207–1229) obtained from the emperor Frederick II. the right of removing the toll of Arnheim to Lobith, where it long proved the principal source of income to the countship. Otto II., son of Gerhard IIL, greatly augmented his power and territory, and secured the internal stability of his government by erecting numerous free communes, such as Harderwijk, Arnheim, Emmerich, Reinald T. (1271–1326) had the chagrin of seeing the dukedom of Limberg, which fell to him by the death of his father-in-law, seized by John I. of Brabant in 1288; but from the emperor Henry VII. he received, in 1310, the right of bestowing full municipal privileges on any free communities he might establish, and in 1317 he was raised to the rank of prince of the empire by Frederick of Austria, which implied possession of legislative authority and liberty to coin his own money. A steady increase of power rewarded the exertions of Reinald II. (1326–1339), and shortly before his death (March 19, 1339) he received the hereditary title of duke of Guelderland from the emperor Louis of Bavaria. The new duchy, however, had an ill beginning of its history. Reinald IIT., the natural successor, found a bitter rival in his brother Edward, and in 1361, after a contest of eleven years, he was completely defeated in the battle of Tiel ; and though ten years later, on Edward’s death, he recovered his rightful position, he survived his restoration only three months. A protracted contest between the hostile factions was at length decided in favour of William a nephew of the last duke, and son of William of Juliers, who succeeded in 1378, but did not receive imperial recognition till 1383. Between 1384 and 1386 he assisted the Teutonic knights against the Prussians; and in 1393 he became duke of Juliers by the death of his father. He died 16th February 1402, and was followed by his brother Reinald IV., whose reign of three and twenty years was mainly noticeable for several contests with Holland, the surrender of Emmerich and other portions cf territory, and the gradual consolidation of the Guelderland states. Reinald IV. dying childless in 1423, the coronet passed to his grand-nephew Arnold, the son of John of Egmond. Arnold of Egmond was at first recognized by the emperor Sigismund in 1424, but in 1425 the emperor revoked his sanction, and gave his support to Adolphus of Cleves. In the war that followed the people of Guelderland stood true to Arnold, but his extravagance and carelessness brought the financial affairs of his duchy into confusion; and at length, in 1444, after the defeat of his forces by Adolphus at Linnich, he was constrained to pawn part of his territory to Cleves. The states had complained of the maladministration in a diet of 1436, and the malcontents ultimately, in 1456, found a leader in the duke’s own son Adolphus, who, after an apparent recon- ciliation with his father made the old man a prisoner in January 1465, and confined him in the castle of Biren. A
civil war now broke out, and Charles the Bold of Burgundy
