seized the opportunity for his own advantage; in 1471 Adolphus was forced to set his father at hberty; and Arnold, in return for the service done him, made over his duchy to the Burgundian duke for 20,000 gulden, only reserving the usufruct till the close of his own life. On 23d February 1473 Arnold died, and Charles was duke of Guelderland. The town of Nimeguen made an heroic effort to oppose the Burgundian accession, but it fell after a lengthened siege. On Charles’s death at the battle of Nancy in 1477, a party in the powerful city of Ghent became anxious to marry Charles of Egmont to their princess, Mary of Burgundy. Before the year was out, however (29th June 1477), the young man had perished before the walls of Tournay, against which he had led an army of Burgundians and Flemings to recover it from the French. By his marriage with the Princess Mary, Maxi- milian of Austria considered himsclf the rightful possessor of Guelderland, and he succeeded by 1482 in quelling all opposition. But ten years later young Charles of Egmond, the son of Adolphus, set foot once more in his native country; the people soon flocked to his standard; and victorious campaigns proved the capacity of the leader and the enthusiasm of the soldicrs. The fierce contest continued for years, and Charles carried tle war into the enemy’s territories. In 1507 he pushed into Hulland and Brabant, in 1512 appeared before Amsterdam, and in 1514 made capture of Groningen. It was not till 1528 that Charles V. granted him the lifelong occupation of Guelderland, Zutphen, Groningen, Coevorden, and Drenthe. In return he agreed that if he died cliildless his possessions should revert to the emperor; but such was his hatred of the house of Austria that towards the close of his life he planned to make France his heir. This, however, was prevented by the states of Guelderland insisting on his appointing as his successor William, the youthful son of the duke of Cleves and Juliers. Charles died 30th June 1538, and William assumed the ¢itle of duke. But Charles V. was not disposed to give up the rights secured by the treaty of Gorinchem, and after a contest in which much damage was done to various parts of the Low Countries, William was obliged to surrender his claims on ith September 1543. On the rise of the Dutch republics most of Guelderland threw off the Spanish yoke. One “quarter” only, that of Roermonde, continued subject, and it received the name of Spanish Gelderland; the other three “ quarters,” Nimeguen, Zutphen, and Arnheim, became Dutch Guelderland, and had their provincial diets twice a year. By the peace of Utrecht Spanish Guelderland or the Upper Quarter (Overkwartier) passed to Prussia, including the town of Guelders, but excluding Venloo, which went to the Netherlands, and Roermonde, which went to Austria. By the peace of Paris (1814) the temporary divisions of the French revolutionary period were abolished, and all Guelderland was incorporated with Holland except the
portion which still forms the Prussian circle of Diisseldorf.
Guelderland, the modern province of the Netherlands, has an area of 1932 square miles, and its population in 1821, 1835, 1840, 1860, and 1873 was respectively 269,926, 323,167, 345,762, 401,864, and 437,778. The largest towns are Nimeguen (23,509 in 1876), Arnheim (38,017), Zutphen (14,513), Apeldoorn (13,851), Ede (10,982), aud Rheden (10,536); and there are at least eighteen other communes with more than 5000 inhabitants.
See Pontanus, Historia Geldrica: (Harderwijek, 1639); Van Spaen, Ifistorie van Gelderland (Utrecht, 1814); Nijhoff, Gedankiwaardig- heden uit de Geschicdenis van Gelderland( Arnheim, 1830, &c., 6 vols. ); Nijhoff, fet rornaemste uit de geschiedenis von Gelderland (Arnheim, 1859); J.C. Kremer, De Graven van Hameland, en de Oorsprong der Graven van Nassau, Gelre, Cleve, en Zutphen (Arnheim, 1873); Baron Sloot, Oorkendenboek der Graafschappen Gelre en Zutfen; P. H. Witkamp, Aardrijkskundiq Woordenbock van Nederland, 1877.
GUELDER ROSE, so called from Guelderland, its supposed source, termed also Marsh Elder, Rose Elder, Water Elder (Germ., Wasserholder, Schneeball ; Fr., Viorne-Obier, UOblier @ Europe), the Viburnum Opulus of Linnzus, is a shrub or small tree of the natural order Caprifoliacea, and a native of Britain and other parts of Europe, and of Russian Asia. It is common in Ireland, but rare in Scotland. In height it is from 6 to 12 feet, and it thrives best in mvist situations. The leavesare smooth, 2 to 3 inches broad, with 3 to 5 unequal serrate lobes, and glandular adnate stipules. In autumn the leaves change their nurmal bright green for a pink or crimson hue. The flowers, which appear in June and July, are small, white, and arranged in cymes 2 to 4 inches in diameter. The outer blossoms in the wild plant have an enlarged corolla, ? inch in diameter, and are devoid of stamens or pistils; in the common cultivated variety all the flowers are sterile, and the inflorescence is globular, hence the term “ Snowball Tree” applied to the plant, the appearance of which at the time of flowering has been prettily described by Cowper in his IFinter Walk at Noon. The guelder rose bears juicy, red, elliptical berries, 4 lines im length, which ripen in September, and contain each a single compressed seed. In northern Europe these are eaten, and in Siberia, after fermentation with flour, they are distilled fur spirit. The plant has, however, emetic, pur- gative, and narcotic properties ; and Taylor (Jfed. Jurisp., vol. i, p. 448, 2d ed., 1873) has recorded an instance of the fatal poisoning of a child by the berries. Both they and the bark contain valerianic acid. The woody shoots of the guelder rose are manufactured into various small articles in Sweden and Nussia. Sce Loudon, Arboretum, vol. ii., 1838; and Syme, Fug. Bot., iv. p. 202, pl. 639.
GUELDERS, or Geldern, a town of Rhenish Prussia, in the government district of Diisseldorf, chief and only town of the circle of Geldern, is situated on the Niers, 28 miles N.W. of Diisseldorf. Its industries include the manufacture of cloth and hats, wool-spinning, and wool, silk, and linen weaving. It has a Catholic and a Protestant church and two convents. The town was built in 1097, and was till 1343 the residence of the counts and dukes of Guelderland. It was fortified by Philip IT., but its fortifications were razed by Frederick IL. of Prussia in 1764. The population in 1875 was 5184.
and Ghibellino, as applied to parties in Italy, are Italianized forms of names which at an earlier period designated parties in Germany. Guelfo is the Italian form of Welf, and Ghibellino the Italian form of Waiblingen, a castle of the emperor Conrad. In Germany these names, which are said to have been first used as battle-cries at the battle of Weinsberg in 1140, designated the struggle between the Welfs of Altdorf and the imperial line of the Hohenstaufen. In Italy the names acquired a different meaning, being generally applied respectively to the party of the pope and the party of the emperor. ‘The conflict between the authority of the emperor and the independence of the Italian towns began before the names were used in Germany. These parties first came into prominence in the Lombard league of 1167. In the war which followed we find the following distribution of parties: on the Ghibellin side were Cremona, Pavia, Genoa, Tortona, Asti, Alba, Acqui, Turin, Ivrea, Venti- miglia, Savona, Albenga, Imola, Faenza, Ravenna, Forli, Cesena, Rimini, the marquis of Montferrat, the counts of Lomello, Guasto, Bosio, &c.; on the side of the Guelfs were Venice, Treviso, Padua, Vicenza, Verona, Brescia, Ferrara, Mantua, Bergamo, Lodi, Milan, Novara, Vercelli, Alessandria, Piacenza, Parma, Reggio, Modena, Bologna. These names spread further in consequence of the bitter rivalry which existed between several pairs of Italian towns,
for instance, between Rome and Tusculum, Pisa and Genoa,
