well as for his scientific attainments and great public services. His labours were chiefly in the field of descriptive geometry, with its application to the arts and mechanical engineering. It was left to him to develop the geometry of Mongs, and to him also is due in great measure the rapid advancement which France made soon after the establishment of the Ecole Polyteehnique in the construc tion of machinery. His writings on descriptive geometry
are still of value.
Hachette s principal works are his Deux Supplements a la Geome tric Descriptive de Monge, 1811 and 1818 ; Elements de Geometric a, trois dimensions, 1817 ; Collection dcs Epures de Geometric, &c., 1795 anil 1817 ; Applications de Geometric Descriptive, 1817 ; Traits de Geometric Descriptive, &e., 1322 ; Traite Elemcntairc dcs Machines, 1811 ; Correspondancc sur I ficolc Polytechnique, 1804- 1815. He also contributed many valuable papers to the leading scientific journals of his time.
HACHETTE, Louis Christophe François (1800–1854), a French publisher, was born at Rethel in the Ardennes, May 5, 1800. After studying three years at a normal school with the view of becoming a teacher, he was in 1822 on politic.il grounds expelled from the seminary. He then devoted several years to the study of jurisprudence ; but in 1826 he resolved to establish in Paris a publishing business, the main object of which should be the issue of works adapted to improve the system of school instruction, or to promote the general culture of the community. The series of works which from that time were brought out by him included manuals in various departments of know ledge, dictionaries of modern and ancient languages, educa tion il journals, and French, Latin, and Greek classics annotited with great care by the most eminent authorities. Subsequent to 1850 he, in conjunction with other partners, published a cheap railway library, scientific and miscel laneous libraries, an illustrated library for the young, libraries of ancient literature, of modern foreign literature, and of modern foreign romance, a series of guide-books, and a series of dictionaries of universal reference. In 1855 he also founded Le Journal pour tons, a publication with a circulation of 150,000 weekly. There can be no question that by his efforts to circulate such a variety of whole some and instructive literature, Hachette is entitled to rank among the greatest benefactors of his country. He also manifested great interest in the formation of mutual friendly societies among the working classes, in the estab lishment of benevolent institutions, and in other questions relating to the amelioration of the poor, on which sub jects he wrote various pamphlets ; and lie lent the weight of his influence towards a just settlement of the question of international literary copyright. He died 31st July 1864.
HACKBERRY, a name given to the fruit of the Celtis occidental is, L., belonging to the natural order Ulmaceae. It is also known under the name of " sugar berry," " beaver- wool," and " nettle tree." The hackberry tree is of middle size, attaining from 60 to 80 feet in height, and with the asp set of an elm. The leaves are ovate, cordate-ovate, and ovate-lanceolate,"with a very long taper point, mostly glabrous above, and usually soft-pubescent beneath. The soft filmy flowers appear early in the spring before the expansion of the leaves. The fruit or berry, about the size of a bird-cherry, is of an obovate shape, of a reddish or yellowish colour when young, turning to a dark purple in autumn. This tree, together with other species of the same genus, is distributed through the deep shady forests bordering the river banks of New England to Wisconsin and even further southward. The fruit has a sweetish and slightly astringent taste, and is largely eaten in the United States, and, although not officinal, has been highly recom mended in cases of dysentery. The seeds contain an oil like that of almonds. The bark is toucrh and fibrous like hemp, the wood is hard and compact and heavy, and next to ebony and box has been spoken of as the best for durability, strength, and beauty ; its tenacity and flexi bility have led to its employment as shafts for carriages, hoops, &c. The root has been used as a dye for linens. The root, bark, and leaves of C. orientalls are employed in the East as a remedy in epilepsy.
HACO, or Hakon (c. 920–960), surnamed the Good, king of Norway, was the son of Harold Fairhair by a female slave, and was presented by Harold to King Athelstan of England, to mark his contempt for an insult he had received. The child was placed by a Norse warrior on Athelstan s knee, who was thus made to observe the symbol of adopting a child that was base born. Athelstan did not, however, take vengeance on the innocent cause of his anger, but brought him up as one of his own sons. On hearing of the death of Harold, he supplied Haco with men and ships, and sent him to Norway to wrest the throne from Eric, eldest son of Harold, whose violent and cruel reign had during the life of his father gained him the general hatred of his subjects. The news of Haco s arrival ia Norway spread, says the saga, "like fire through dried grass." Eric at once took flight to Orkney and then to Eng land, and Haco was chosen king at every "thing," Haco, though himself a Christian, found it impossible in his time- to establish Christianity in Norway. He ruled his king dom with great justice and prudence, and gained for it many victories over the Danes by land and sea, He was slain in a great fight against the Danes, led by the sons- of Eric, about the year 960.
HACO V., surnamed the Old, king of Norway, son of Haco IV., was on the death of his father in 1204 excluded from the throne on the ground of supposed illegitimacy, and only become king in 1223, after his mother, to establish his rights, had undergone the ordeal of fire. He greatly increased the prosperity of Norway, and he also added to his kingdom Iceland and Greenland. As he had a dispute with Alexander III. of Scotland in regard to the sovereignty of the Hebrides, he set sail about 1263 on a great expedi tion against the west of Scotland, where he took possession of Arran and Bute, but suffered such a severe defeat at Largs that he was compelled again to put to sea. After losing many ships by sturm, he sailed to Orkney, where lie died in the following winter. It is supposed by some that his fleet in his voyage north passed between Skye and the- mainland, and that it is from this fact that the narrow sound of Kyle-Akin received its name.
For the kings named Haco see the HcimsJcringla of Snorro Sturluson, which, however, does not include the reign of Haco V., translated into English by Samuel Laing, London, 1844. The snga of Swerre and his successors was published by linger under the title Konunga Siigur, Christiania, 1870-73. The Saga Hukonar Hdkonarsonar forms the 10th vol. of the Fommanna Sb gur published at Copenhagen in 12 vols., 1825-39, and translated into Danish and L:itin in 12 vols. , 1828-4G. See also tititrlunga Saga, 2 vols., Oxford, 1878, and Carlyle s Early Kings of Noncay, London, 1875.
Scripture as the name of several human persons ; it also occurs in the compounds Benhadad, Iladadrimmon, and Hadadezer. The etymology of the word, of which Hadar, Ader, and Arad appear to be incorrect variations, is ob scure; the divinity primarily denoted by it, however, accord ing to Pliilo of Byblos (Miiller, Fr. Hist. Gr., iii. 569 ; cf. Macrob., Saturn., i. 23), is the king of the gods, the greatest and highest, the sun ; and these interpretations seem to point to some such radical meaning as unicus. The Syrian kings of Damascus seem to have habitually assumed the title of Benhadad, or son of Hadad (three of this name are mentioned in Scripture), just as a series of Egyptian monarchs are known to have been accustomed to call
themselves sons of Ammon-Ra. The word Iladadrimmon,
