for which the inferior reading Hadarrimmon is found in some MSS., in the phrase " the mourning of (or at) Hadadrimmon" (Zech. xii. 11), has been a subject of much discussion. According to Jerome and all the older Christian interpreters, the mourning for what occurred at a place called Hadadrimmon (Maximianopolis) in the valley of Megiddo is meant, the event alluded to being generally held to be the death of Josiah ; but since Hitzig and Movers the opinion has been gaining ground that Hadadrimmon is merely another name for Adonis or Thammuz, the autumn sun-god, the allusion being to the mournings by which the Adonis festivals were usually accompanied (Hitzig on Zech.
xii. 11, Isa. xvii. 8; Movers, Phunizier, i. 196).
Full materials for the whole discussion will be found in Baudis- sin s Studicn zur Scm. Ilcligionsgcsch. (1876), Abb. v. This author, however, has considerably modified his views in Herzog and Plitt s R. E. , s. v. , having in his earlier essay been misled in important points by statements of Schrader (Kcilinsch. und A. T., pp. 101 scq.), which have since been found to require correction (see Gutschmidt, Neue Beitriige, p. 47 scq. ; Wellhausen s criticism of Baudissin in Gott. Gel. Anz. (1877), Stuck 6 ; Schrader, Kcilin. und Geschichtsforsch. (1878), pp. 371 scq., 538 scq.
HADDINGTON, or East Lothian, a maritime county of Scotland, lies between 55 46 10" and 56 4 N. lat. and bit ween 2 8 and 2 49 W. long. It is bounded on the N. by the Firth of Forth, on the E. by the North Sea, on the S. by Berwickshire, on the W. by Edinburghshire. Its seaboard is 31f miles. Its greatest length from east to west is 25 miles, its breadth from north to south about 16 miles. Its area covers 179, 142 acres (280 square miles), of which 189J are under water, 5505 foreshore, and 142^- in " links." The general outline of the county is that of an irregular quadrilateral figure with its northern angle pro jecting into the sea. Along a south-and-north line through the county town, the land slopes gradually up from the coast to the Garleton Hills, thence down to the Tyne valley, and then up again to the Lammermuir Hills, which occupy the southern district of the county. On the east and west the ground slopes from the Lammermuirs to the sea, but near the sea the fill is so gentle that the land lias the appearance of a plain. Two almost isolated hills break the level, North Berwick Law (612 feet) on the coast, and Traprain Law (724) in the eastern part of the Tyne valley. The chief summits of the Lammermuir Hills are Spartleton (1534), Lammerlaw (1500), and Soutra Hill (1230). The only stream of any importance is the Tyne, which, after a course of 7 miles in Midlothian, flows through the county with a gentle current north-east past the town of Haddington, and falls into the sea at Tyne- mouth. A very fine variety of trout is found in it ; and below the rocks of the linn at East Linton salmon are occasionally caught. The Whiteadder rises in the county, and flows south-east into Berwick.
Geology and Mineralogy.—The Lammermuirs are com posed chiefly of Lower Silurian strata, overlaid in part by Old Red Sandstone and conglomerate one great mass of the latter extending south-east from Spott, with a breadth of 3 or 4 miles, across the hills into Berwickshire. Another belt of Old Red Smdstone rather more than 1 mile in breadth begins at the sea a little to the south of Dunbar, and stretches along the base of the Lammermuirs. Patches of Old Red Conglomerate occur also here and there in the Lammermuirs further to the west, and are seen in the upper tributaries of Gifford and Humbie waters. The ground to the north of the Lammermuirs is occupied chiefly by rocks belonging to the Calciferous Sandstone and Carboniferous Limestone series of the Carboniferous formation. The Cal ciferous Sandstones cover a wide area west and east of Haddington, extending south to the Lammermuirs, along the base of which they trend south-west beyond the county boundary. They also appear in the lower reaches of the Tyne valley, covering a considerable area between Tynning- hame Links and Biel Water. Again they are seen on the shore between Torness Point and Dunglass Burn, whence they strike inland. The hilly tract between Haddington and North Berwick is made up of various volcanic rocks of Lower Carboniferous age, such as porphyrite, dolerite, and tuff. In the western part of the county the Carboniferous Limestone series occupies an extensive area and is rich in limestones and coal-seams. This area forms the eastern margin of the Midlothian coal-field. A patch of the Lime stone series also appears upon the coast about a mile south of Dunbar. Besides these bedded aqueous and volcanic rocks, there are numerous intruded masses, dykes, and veins of felstone and basalt, and some pipes of tuff and agglomerate which mark the sites of ancient volcanoes of Lower Carboniferous age. Granite is found at Priestlaw. Deposits of glacial origin are met with more or less abundantly, especially in the low-lying tracts. These con sist of till or boulder-clay and mounds and sheets of sand and gravel, underneath which the older rocks are often concealed over wide areas. Alluvial deposits occur along the course of many streams, but the only considerable alluvial fiats are those of the Tyne.[1]
Coal of a very fair quality is extensively worked in the west. So long ago as 1200 the monks of Newbattle obtained this mineral from Prestongrange. Limestone is found throughout the greater part of the shire. A vein of hematite of a peculiarly fine character was discovered in 1866 at the Garleton Hills, and wrought for some years ; but from a variety of causes the works have been mean while suspended.
Climate.—The climate is on the whole mild and equable. East winds, however, prevail in the months of March, April, and May, and from the lie of the county it is exposed to their full sweep. The amount of rainfall is far below the average of Great Britain. During the period 1835-64 the average annual rainfall was 24 85 inches, the greatest fall being 327 in 1836, the least 17 3 in 1842. The average monthly fall is lowest in April (1 - 16) and highest in August (2 57). In 1872 the rainfall reached the exceptional amount of 41 51 inches.
Agriculture, &c.—The soils are various. The Lammermuirs are of course unproductive, but the slopes to a considerable height are. cultivated ; and for a considerable way down the land is very good. In the centre of the county there is " a tenacious yellow clay resting upon a tilly subsoil/ and this land is not well suited for agricultural purposes. Along the margin of the Firth the soil is naturally of n sandy nature, but farther inland it is composed of rich loam and is very fertile. The most productive region is the land about Dunbar. The potatoes there are very good, and under the name of " Dunbar reds " are highly esteemed in the London market, selling at times for as much us 45 an acre. From the beginning of the present cen tury till within the past few years East Lothian agriculture has on the whole been held to be the best in Scotland. This is not so much due to the natural fertility of the soil as to the enlightened enter prise of its cultivators. Andrew Meikle here first introduced the threshing mill (1787). Tile draining was first extensively used here,, and the reaping machine (now universally employed) and the steam plough were introduced at a comparatively early period of their his tory. The high price of grain at the time of the Crimean War gave a great impetus to farming, and in consequence rents rose as much as from 15s. to 1 per acre ; this, with the increased cost of labour, which has risen 35 or 40 per cent, (about ]0s. per acre) within the last seven or eight years, has sadly diminished the profits of the farmer. The size of the farms is above the average of Great Britain. The majority are from 200 to 500 acres a very few from 600 to 1200 acres. They are usually let on leases of nineteen years duration. The rotation of crops is generally the six-course shift, viz., (1) grass (pasture or hay), (2) oats, (3) potatoes, turnips, or beans, (4) wheat, (5) turnips, (6) barley.
According to the agricultural returns of 1879, of the total area of 179,142 acres 115,364 acres were under cultivation, distributed as follows: corn crops, 44,719 (wheat, 7910; barley, 19,536; oats, 15,746) ; green crops, 25,656 (potatoes, 9835 ; turnips and swedes, 14,796) ; clover and grass, 27,194 ; permanent pasture, 16,000; bare fallow, 1075. Of live stock the numbers were
