I. in 1576, it was in 1584 the seat of the sessions of the States of Holland. Fosses were constructed round the town in 1620. In 1672 it was the scene of the famous assassination of the brothers De Witt. It was at the Hague that the convention was arranged in 1710 be tween the German emperor, the king of Prussia, the emperor of Kussia, and the maritime powers, for the maintenance of the neu trality of North Germany ; it was at the Hague that the Triple Alliance of 1717 was concluded, and that the peace of the same year Avas signed between Spain, Savoy, and Austria. From 1782 to 1787 the town had its full share in the civil disturbances of the country. In 1808 it was made the seat of the Government administrative offices.
See Guide ou Nouvclle Desertion de la Haye, The Hague, 1785 ; Description succincte de la ville de la Haye, The Hague, 1823; Morgen-wandelingen door en in den omtrek van s Gravenhage, The Hague, 1832; Gezigtcn van s Gravcnhagen, Amsterdam, 1845; Petit Guide de la Haye, The Hague, 1860 ; La Haye et Scheveningue photographiis, The Hague, 1860.
HAHN, August (1792–1863), German Protestant theo logian, was born March 27, 1792, at Grossosterhausen near Eisleben, and after attending the Eisleben gymnasium, entered the university of Leipsic as a student of theology in 1810. After holding an educational appointment in Wittenberg for some time, he in 1819 was nominated pro fessor extraordinarius of theology at Konigsberg, and in the following year received a pastoral charge and a superin- tendency in that city. These posts, however, he soon resigned on his promotion in 1821 to be professor ordin- arius. In 1826 he removed as professor of theology to Leipsic, where, hitherto distinguished only as editor of Bardesanes, Marcion, and Ephraem Syrus, he came into extraordinary prominence as the author of a treatise, De rationalismi qui dicitur vera indole et qua cum naturalismo contineatur ratione (1827), and also of an Offene Erkldrung an die Evangelische Kirche zunachst in Sachsen u. Preussen (1827), in which he endeavoured to convince the ration alists that it was their duty voluntarily and at once to withdraw from the national church. In 1833 Halm was called to Breslau as theological professor and consistorial councillor, and in 1844 he became "general superintend ent " of the province of Silesia. He died at Breslau on May 13, 1863. Though uncompromising in his "supra- naturalism," he did not altogether satisfy the men of his own school by his own doctrinal system. The first edition of his Lehrbuch des christlichen Glaubens (1828) was freely characterized as lacking in consistency and as detracting from the strength of the old positions in many important points. Many of tliese defects, however, he is considered to have remedied in his second edition (1857). Among the other literary labours by which Hahn is best known are his edition of the Hebrew Bible (1833) and his Bibliothek der Symbole und GUiubensregeln der apostolisch-katholischen Kirche (1842 ; 2d ed. 1877). A volume of Predigten was published in 1852.
HAHN, Johann Georg von (1810–1869), an Austrian traveller, to whom we are indebted for most of our knowledge about the Albanians, was born at Jena in 1810. After travelling for some time under the auspices of the Vienna academy, he entered the Austrian consular service, in which he rose to be consul-general in Greece. He died at Jena 23d September 1869. In his great workAlbanesi- schen Studien (Jena, 1854), lie treats at once of the geo graphy, the history, the archeology, the linguistic affinities, and the folk-lore of this remarkable country and people ; and the book at once took rank as a scholarly and authori tative production. He had previously (1851) published Bemerkungen uber das Albanesische Alphabet (Vienna, 1851). In 1858 he undertook a journey along with Major F. Zach from Belgrade to Saloniki (Thessalonica), for the purpose mainly of ascertaining the feasibility of construct ing a railway from the Danube to the yEgean ; and an account of their experiences was published in the Denk- schri/ten der Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, Phil. Hist. Klasse, Bd. xi., Vienna, 1861. This paper, reprinted in 1871, contained valuable matter in regard to the Albanians, and especially in regard to their geographical distribution. Another journey undertaken in 1863 furnished material for a second contribution to the Denkschriften (Phil. Hist. Klasse, 1867) " Reise durch die Gebiete des Drin und Wardar." Since the author s death a large work has appeared under the title of Sagivissen- schaftliche Studien (Jena, 1872-73), in which he deals learnedly with numerous questions in comparative mytho logy.
HAHNEMANN, Samuel Christian Friedrich (1755–1843), the founder of the homoeopathic system of medicine, was born at Meissen in Saxony, 10th April 1755. He studied first at the "elector s school" of Meissen, and thereafter as a student of medicine at Leipsic and Vienna. He took the degree of M.D. at Erlangen in 1779, and after acting as physician at various places he returned in 1789 to Leipsic, where he largely occupied himself in the translation of medical works. While working at Cullen s Materia Medica, he was struck by the contradictory account given of the properties of Peruvian bark. He had pre viously meditated much on the unsatisfactory nature of the science of medicine ; and, after much reflexion and many experiments, he became convinced of the truth of the prin ciple similia similibus curantur (see Homœopathy), i.e., the cure for a disease is the very drug that would in a healthy person produce the symptoms of such disease. Further experiments convinced him that the conventional doses produced symptoms of unnecessary and dangerous violence, and this led to another principle, that of minimum doses, according to which the benefit to be derived from a medicine can be fully obtained by the administration of a very small quantity. Firmly convinced of the truth of these prin ciples, Hahnemann spent the rest of his life in making them known to the world. He encountered much opposition, and in 1821 was forced to leave Leipsic, as lie was not allowed to dispense his own prescriptions. The grand duke of Anhalt-Kb then, however, appointed him his physi cian, and at Kothen he resided till 1835 when he removed to Paris. He died 2d July 1843. Hahnemann was a man of remarkable courage and perseverance. He not only sacrificed his immediate interests for the sake of his con victions, but made many painful experiments upon his own person.
Hahnemann s chief work, in which he expounds his system, is his OrganonderrationdlenHeilkunde (Dresden, 1810,; 6th ed., Kothen, 1865; English translation by Dudgeon, London, 1849). His other important writings are Fragmenta de viribus medicament or urn positivis (2 vols., Leipsic, 1805) : Heine ArzncimitteUchre (6 vols., Dresden, 1811) ; Die chronischen Krankheiten (4 vols., Dresden, 1828-30). His smaller writings have been edited by Stapf (2 vols., Dresden and Leipsic, 1829-34). See also Albrescht s Hahnemann s Leben und Wcrkcn (2d ed., Leipsic, 1875).
HAIDARÁBÁD. See Hyderabad.
logist, geologist, and physicist of considerable note, was born at Vienna, February 5, 1795. His father, Karl Haidinger, contributed largely to the development of mineralogical science in the latter half of the last century. Having studied at the normal school of St Anne, and attended classes at the university, Wilhelm, at the age of seventeen, joined Professor Mohs at Gratz, and five years later accompanied the professor to Freiberg on the transfer of his labours to the mining academy of that Saxon El- Dorado. In 1822 Haidinger visited France and England with Count Breunner, and, journeying northward, took up his abode in Edinburgh. He translated into English, with additions of his own. Mohs s Griindriss der Mineralogie, published at Edinburgh in three volumes under the title
Treatise en Mineralogy, 1825. After a tour in northern
