Europe, including the Scandinavian mining districts, he undertook the scientific direction of the porcelain works at Elnbogen, belonging to his brothers. In 1840 he was appointed counsellor of mines (Bergrath) at Vienna in the place of Professor Mohs, a post which included the charge of the imperial cabinet of minerals, &c. He devoted him self to the rearrangement and enrichment of the collections, and the cabinet became the first in Europe. Shortly after (1843) Haidinger commenced a series of lectures on minera logy, which was given to the world under the title Hand- luck der bestimmeiiden Mineraloyie (Vienna, 1845 ; tables, 184G). On the establishment of the imperial geological institution, he was chosen director (1849) ; and this im portant position he occupied for seventeen years. On the completion of the geological survey of the Austrian domin ions in 1862, he superintended the preparation of the maps which were issued. He was elected a member of the im perial board of agriculture and mines, and a member of tin imperial academy of sciences of Vienna. He organized the society of the friends of natural sciences. As a physicist Haidinger ranked high, and he was one of the most active promoters of scientific progress in Austria, He was the discoverer of the interesting optical appearances which have been called after him "Haidinger s brushes." Knighted in 18G5, the following year he retired to his
estate at Dornbach near Vienna, where he died March 19, 1871.In addition to the works already named, Haidinger published Anfangsgriinde der Mineralogic, Leipsic, 1829 ; Bcricht ilber die Miner alien- Sammluny dcr K.K. Hofkammer im Miinz- und Bcrg- ifcsen, Vienna, 1843; Gcognostische Uebersichtskarte dcr Ocstcrrcich. Monarchic, Vienna, 1847 ; Ucber den Zusammenhang dcr Korpcr- farbcn und der Oberfldchenfarbcn, Vienna, 1852 ; Bemcrkitngcn iibcr die Anordnung der kleinsten Theilchen in ChristaUen, Vienna 1353 ; Nicdrigste Hohe von Gewitterwolkcn, Vienna, 1853 ; Inter- fcren-linien am Glimmer, Vienna, 1855 ; Vcrgleichungenvon Augit und Amphibol, Vienna, 1855 ; Die koniscJte Refraction am Diopsid, Vienna, 1855. He also edited the Naturwissenschaftliche Abhand- luncjcn, Vienna, 1847 ; the Berichte iiber die Mittheilimgen von Freunden der Naturwissenschaften in JVien, Vienna, 1847-51 ; and the Jahr buch of the Vienna AT. A". Geologischc Reichanstalt, 1850, &c. Some of his papers will be found in icTransaclions of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh (vol. x.) and of the Wernerian Society (1822- 23), Edinburgh Phil. Journal, Breivstcr^s Journal of Science, and Poggc.ndorjf s Annalen.
HAIL. See Meteorology.
HAILES, Sir David Dalrymple, Bart., Lord (1726–1792), an eminent Scottish lawyer and historian, was born at Edinburgh, October 28, 1726. His father, Sir James Dalrymple of Hailes, in the county of Haddington, Bart., auditor-general of tha exchequer in Scotland, was a grand son of James, first Viscount Stair ; and his mother, Lady Christian Hamilton, was a daughter of Thomas, sixth earl of Haddington. He received his school education at Eton, anl thence proceeded to Utrecht for the study of law, being intended for the Scottish bar, to which he was admitted, shortly after his return to his native country, on the 24th of February 1748. As a pleader he attained neither high distinction nor very extensive practice, but he rapidly established a well-deserved reputation for sound knowledge, unwearied application, and strict probity ; and in 1766 he was elevated to the bench, when he assumed the title of Lord Hailes. Ten years later he was appointed a lord of justiciary. His death took place on the 29th of November 1792.
His most important contribution to literature is the Annals of Scotland, of which the first volume, " From the accession of Malcolm III., surnamed Canmore, to the accession of Robert I., appeared in 1776, and the second, "From the accession of Robert I., sur named Bruce, to the accession of the House of Stewart," in 1779. It is, as Dr Johnson justly described this work at the time of its appearance, a " Dictionary " of carefully sifted facts, in our lan guage a new mode of history which tells all that is wanted and all that is known, but without any laboured splendour of language or affected subtlety of conjecture. The other works of Lord Hailes include Historical Memoirs concerning the, Provincial Councils of the Scottish Clergy (1769); An Examination of some of the argu ments for the High Antiquity of Regiam Majestatem (176-9); three volumes entitled Remains of Christian Antiquity (" Account of the Martyrs of Smyrna and Lyons in the second century," 1776; " The Trials of Justin Martyr, Cyprian, &c.," 1778 ; "The History of the Martyrs of Palestine, translated from Eusebius," 1780); Disquisi tions concerning the Antiquities of the Christian Church (1783) ; and editions or translations of portions of Lactantius, Tertullian, and Miuucius Felix. In 1786 he published An Inquiry into the Secondary Causes ichich Mr Gibbon Jias assigned for the Rapid Growth of Christianity, a Dutch translation of which was published at Utrecht in 1793. Both by its acuteness in detailed argument and by its freedom from theological rancour this controversial work is entitled to rank as one of the most respectable of the very many replies which were made to the famous 15th and 16th chapters of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ; but it has too much the character of a collection of detached critical remarks. A " Memoir " of Lord Hailes is prefixed to the 1808 reprint of his Inquiry into the Secondary Causes.
HAINAN, or, as it is usually called in Chinese, Kiung-chow-foo, an island belonging to the Chinese province of Kwang-tung, and situated between the Chinese Sea and the Gulf of Tong-king from 20° 8′ to 17° 52′ N. lat., and from 108° 32′ to 111° 15′ E. long. It measures 160 miles from N.E. to S.W., and the average breadth is about 90 miles. The area is estimated at from 1200 to 1400 square miles, or two-thirds the size of Sicily. From the peninsula of Lei-chow on the north it is separated by the straits of Hainan, which have a breadth of 15 or 20 miles. With the exception of a considerable area in the north, and broad tracts on the north-east and north-west sides, the whole island is occupied by jungle-covered mountains, with rich valleys between. The central range bears the name of Li-mou Shan or Wu Tchi Shan (the Five-Finger Mountain), and attains a height of 6000 or 7000 feet. Its praises are celebrated in a glowing ode by Ch’iu, a native poet. The island appears to be well watered, and some of its rivers are not without importance as possible highways of commerce; but the details of its hydrography are very partially ascertained. A navigable channel extends in an irregular curve from the bay of Hai-Kow in the north to Tan-chow on the west coast. Being exposed to the winter monsoon the northern parts of the island enjoy much the same sort of temperate climate as the neighbouring provinces of the mainland, but in the southern parts, protected from the monsoon by the mountain ranges, the climate is almost or entirely tropical. Snow falls so rarely that its appearance in 1684 is reported in the native chronicles as a remarkable event. Earthquakes are a much more familiar phenomenon, having occurred, according to the same authority, in 1523, 1526, 1605, 1652, 1677, 1681, 1684, 1702, 1704, 1725, 1742, 1816, 1817, and 1822. Excellent timber of various kinds—eagle-wood, rose-wood, liquidambar, &c.—is one of the principal products of the island, and has even been specially transported to Peking for imperial purposes. The cocoa palm flourishes freely even in the north, and is to be found growing in clumps with the Pinus sinensis. Rice, cotton, sugar, indigo, cinnamon, betel-nuts, sweet potatoes, ground nuts, and tobacco are all cultivated in varying quantities. The aboriginal inhabitants collect a kind of tea called tein-cha, or celestial tea, which looks like the leaves of a wild camellia, and has an earthy taste when infused. Lead, silver, copper, and iron occur in the Shih-luh Shan or “stone-green-hill”; the silver at least was worked till 1850, and the copper would probably pay for its exploitation. Gold and lapis lazuli are found in other parts of the island.
