and afterwards. The accusation fell to the ground, and in six months the bishops were released (June 1642), only,how- ever, on each finding security for 5000. Hall proceeded to Norwich, which he had not yet visited, and set about his pastoral duties; but in April 1643 his revenues and personal property were sequestrated by parliament, a nominal allowance of <400 a year being made for his maintenance. Mrs Hall with great difficulty obtained a fifth of her husband s property. The bishop was next ejected from his palace, and the cathedral was dismantled. Having retired to a small estate at Higham near Norwich, which he had been able to buy, he there, with his books, bought for him by a friend, spent the rest of his life, writing and preaching " till he was first forbidden by men, and at last disabled by God." He died 8th September 1656,
in his eighty-third year.
The great bulk of Bishop Hall s writings is controversial, and therefore of comparatively ephemeral interest; but some of them con tinue to deserve attention. His satires, published under the name of Virgidemiarum Size Bookes, consist of three bookes of Toothlcssc Satyrs, subdivided into (1) Poetical, (2) Academical!, and (3) Morall, published in 1597, and three bookes of JByting Satyrs, published in 1598. They appeared together in 1599. Hall claims to be the first English satirist, though Hallam disputes his title, and at the same time rather disparages the satires, which have on the other hand been very highly praised by Campbell and Warton. In his Ejtistlcs (1608-11) Hall claims to be the introducer of that style of prose composition also into English ; but both Ascham and Howell an ticipated him. The Contemplations upon the Principal Passages of the History of the New Testament (1612-15), a devout and pious work, one by which perhaps Hall is most generally known, are happily distinguished from most compositions of the class to which they belong by a shy and racy wit which not unfrequently puts the reader in mind of Thomas Fuller. Mundus Alter et Idem, a species of allegorical romance, published in 1643, was translated into English by John Healey, under the title of Discovery of a New World. Other writings of this " English Seneca," as Sir Henry Wotton called him, are Explication of Hard Texts (1633-34), Christian Meditations (1640), and Henochismus, sive Tractatus dc inodo ambulandi cum Deo, translated in 1769. An edition of his works was published in 1808 at London, in 10 vols., by the Rev. Josiah Pratt ; and a later and better one, in 12 vols., at Oxford (1837-39), by the Rev. Peter Hall. A life of Bishop Hall by the Rev. John Jones appeared in 1826.
HALL, Marshall (1790–1857), the discoverer of the " diastaltic nervous system," was born at Basford, Notts, February 18, 1790. His father, Robert Hall, a cotton manufacturer at that place, is well known as the introducer of the modern processes of bleaching on a large scale. Having attended Blanchard s academy at Nottingham, where Kirke White was educated, Marshall Hall com menced in 1809 his studies for the medical profession at Edinburgh university. In 1811 he was elected senior president of the Royal Medical Society ; the following year he took the M.D. degree, and was immediately appointed resident house physician to the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. This appointment he resigned after two years, when he visited Paris and its medical schools, and, on a walking tour, those also of Berlin, Go ttingen, &c, In 1817, taking up his abode at Nottingham, he published his Diagnosis, in which he insisted that, before treatment, the exact nature of a malady should be ascertained. He rapidly acquired an extensive country practice, his improved method in puerperal cases and his disuse of the venesection then popular attracting many patients. In 1818 he wrote the Mimoses, a work on the affections denominated bilious, nervous, &c. The next year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in 1825 he became physician to the Nottingham general hospital. In 1826 he removed to London, and in the following year he pub lished his Commentaries on the more important diseases of females. He pursued his studies of the effects of blood letting, and his Researches (issued in 1830) were acknow ledged by the medical profession to be of vast practical value. Much practical good also resulted from his warn ing against mistaking exhaustion for inflammation. Hall married in 1829, and the same year he made the discovery which placed him in rank with Harvey. It is described in A Critical and Experimental Essay on the Circulation of the Blood in the Capillary Vessels, in which he showed that the blood-channels intermediate between arteries and veins serve the office of bringing the fluid blood into contact with the material tissues of the system. About this time he made his original investigations on quantity of respiration, detailed in The Inverse Ratio which subsists between the Respiration and Irritability in the Animal Kingdom, a work which led to the treatises on hibernation. In 1831 he proposed a simple and bloodless operation for the removal of vascular nsevus. His most important discovery in physio logy was the " diastaltic spinal system," his views being embodied in a paper on The reflex Function of the Medulla Oblonyata and the- Medulla Sjiinalis, 1832, in which year he was elected fellow of the Royal Society, London. This paper was supplemented in 1837 by another On the True Spinal Marrow, and the Excito-motor System of Nerves, in which he explained the real classification and distribution of the entire nervous system. The " reflex function " excited great attention in Germany and Holland, and M. Flourens described it as " a great epoch in physi ology." Hall thus became the authority on the multiform deranged states of health referable to an abnormal condition of the nervous system, and he made plain the obscure class of convulsive affections. The action of strychnia as a spinal tonic or excitant, the relief of the epileptic, trache otomy in laryngismal epilepsy, and the "ready method" in asphyxia, were among the later objects of his investiga tion. His " ready method "- sometimes called Marshall Hall s method for resuscitation in drowning and other forms of suspended respiration is perhaps the most popular of his discoveries ; by it innumerable lives have been pre served. Dr Hall lectured at various medical schools, at the college of physicians, and also at New York during his American tour. His papers in medical and scientific journals, including the Cotnptes Rendus, are remarkable for lucidity and brevity. He died at Brighton of a throat affec tion, aggravated by lecturing, August 11, 1857. A list of his works, most of which have been translated into foreign languages, and details of his " ready method," &c., are given in his Memoirs by his widow, London, 1861.
English pulpit orators, was born May 2, 1764, at Arnsby near Leicester, where his father, a man whose cast of mind in some respects resembled closely that of the son, was pastor of a Baptist congregation. Robert was the youngest of a family of fourteen. In infancy his physical powers were so feeble that until two years of age he was unable to walk, and, although his expression and gestures indicated great mental vivacity, he was equally slow to acquire the faculty of articulate speech. It even appears that he had learned to read before he was able to imitate spoken sounds, his nurse having taught him the letters of the alphabet and the formation of words from the inscriptions on the tomb stones of a churchyard adjoining his father s dwelling-house. When once the interest in this exercise had loosened his reluctant tongue his progress was remarkably rapid, and before he had attained his third year the fluency of his talk gave some indications of his future oratorical eminence. Whilo still at the dame s school his passion for books absorbed the greater part of his time, and in the summer it was his custom after school hours to retire to the church yard with a volume which he continued to peruse there till nightfall, making out the meaning of the more difficult words with the help of a pocket dictionary. From his sixth to his eleventh year he attended the school of Mr
Simmons at Wigston, a village 4 miles from Arnsby.
