foliage, and had for many years a leading position among those landscapists who carry on the miscellaneous work of the art to the satisfaction of their own generation, without establishing an ultimate claim to the higher kind of posthu
mous renown.HARDING, John. See Hardyng.
HARDINGE, Henry Hardinge, Viscount (1785–1856), field-marshal and governor-general of India, was born at Wrotham in Kent, March 30, 1 785. After passing a short time at Eton college, he entered the army in 1798 as an ensign in the Queen s Rangers, with whom he served in Canada. In the Peninsular War he served for a time on Wellington s staff, and received an appointment as deputy- quartermaster-general in the Portuguese army from Marshal Beresford, whose approval and subsequent influence he had won by his gallantry at Corunna in 1809. Hard- i .ige was present at nearly all the battles of the campaign ; he was wounded at Vimiera and Yittoria. At Albuera he s ivfcd the day for the British by taking the responsibility at a critical moment of ordering General Cole s division to advance. When peace was again broken in 1815 by Napoleon s escape from Elba, Hardinge hastened into active service, and was appointed to the important post of com missioner at the Prussian headquarters. In this capacity Le was present at the battle of Ligny, June 1G, 1815, where he lost his left hand by a shot, and thus was not present at Waterloo fought two days later. For the loss of his hind he received a pension of 300 ; and in the same year was made a K.C.B. In 1820 and 1826 Sir Henry Hardinge was returned to parliament as member for Durham; and in 1828 he accepted the office of secretary at war in Wellington s ministry, a post which he also filled in Peel s cabinet in 1841-43. In 1830 and 1834 he was chief secretary for Ireland. In 1844 he succeeded Lord Ellenborough as governor-general of India, a position which he retained till January 1848. During his term of office the Sikh War broke out ; and the governor-general after the battle of Mud Id magnanimously offered to serve as second in command under Lord Gough. He manifested all his old courage and skill, and at the peace, for his services in the campaign, he was created Viscount Hardinge of Lahore, and of King s Newton in Derbyshire, with a Government pension of <3000 for three lives ; while the East India Company voted him an annuity of 5000. He returned to England in 1848, and in 1852 succeeded the duke of Wellington as commander-in-chief of the British army. While in this position he had the home management of the Crimean War, which he endeavoured to conduct on Wellington s principles a system not altogether suited to the changed mode of warfare. In 1855 he was promoted to the rank of field-marshal. Viscount Hardinge resigned his office of commander-in-chief in July 1856 owing to failing health, and died on September 24th of the same year at his house near Tunbridge Wells.
HARDOI, a British district of Oudh, India, under the jurisdiction of the lieutenant-governor of the North- Western Provinces, lying between 26 53 and 27 47 N. lat., and between 79 44 and 80 52 E. long, with an area in 1878 of 2285 64 square miles. The district is an irregular parallelogram between the Gumti and Ganges ; its greatest length from north-west to south-east is 78 miles ; and the average breadth is 46 miles. It is bounded on the N. by Shahjahanpur and Kheri ; E. by Sitapur, the Gumti forming the boundary-line ; S. by Lucknow and Unao ; and W. by Farrukhabad, the Ganges marking the boundary. It is a level district watered by the Ganges, Ramganga, Garra, Sukheta, Sai, Baita, and Gumti, the three rivers first named being navigable by boats of 500 mounds, or about 17 tons burden. Towards the Ganges, the land is uneven, and often rises into hillocks of sand cultivated at the base, and their slopes covered with lofty munj grass. The soil of Hardoi is lighter than that of perhaps any other district of Oudh, 27 per cent, being sand, 56 per cent, loam, and 17 per cent. clay. Several large jMh or lakes are scattered throughout the district, the largest being that of Saudi, which is 3 miles long by from 1 to 2 miles broad. These jkils are largely used for irrigation, 126,000 acres being watered from them. Large tracts of forest jungle still exist. Leopards, black buck, spotted deer, and nilgdi are common ; the mallard, teal, grey duck, common goose, and all kinds of waterfowl abound.
The inhabitants of Hardoi district in 1869 numbered 931,517, of whom 500,994 were males and 430,523 females (Hindus, 845,293; Mahometans, 85,824; Christians, 48; "others," 352). The nine largest towns are, Shahabad, 18,254 inhabitants; Sandi la, 15,511; Bilgram, 11,534; Mallanwan, 11,670; Saudi, 11,123; Piham, 7582; Hardoi (the administrative headquarters of the district), 7156; Gopaman, 5949; and Pali, 5122. The principal religious fairs are the following: At Bi lgram, in September, on the occasion of the Ram Lild festival, lasting ten days and attended by about 40,000 persons; at Hattia Haran, during the whole month of Bhadra (August and September), attended by 100,000 persons ; at Barsuya, in April and November, the Pramhanska Samudh festival, lasting for only a single day on each occasion, and attended by from 15,000 to 20,000 persons. These, together with several other smaller fairs, are held for religious purposes, and have no commercial importance. Eice, wheat, and other food-grains form the great staples of agri culture. The area under crops is 844,560 acres or 1319 square miles, being more than one-half the entire area. The Oudh and Kohilkhand Railway from Lucknow to Shahjahanpur runs through Hardoi for a distance of 62 miles. There are also 329 miles of raised and bridged roads, and 73 miles of minor roads, intersecting the district. The principal imports are cotton, salt, country cloth, and European piece-goods; the chief exports, food-grains, sugar, tobacco, horned cattle, and hides. The value of the imports in 1875 was 102,952 ; of the exports, 62,977. The gross revenue of the district in 1875 amounted to 170,952, the expenditure to 18,478. The regular police (1873) consisted of 436 officers and men, costing 6610. The number of schools in 1875 was 142, with 5877 pupils. The average rainfall for the ten years ending 1872 was 32 inches. Malaria fevers, epidemic cholera, and smallpox prevail. History. The first authentic records of Hardoi are connected with the Mussulman colonization. Bawan was occupied by Sayyid Salar Masaud in 1028, but the permanent Moslem occupation did not commence till 1217. Owing to the situation of the district, Hardoi formed the scene of many sanguinary battles between the rival Afghan and Mughal empires. Between Bi lgram and Saudi was fought the great battle between Hnmayun and Slier Shah, in which the former was utterly defeated. Hardoi, along with the rest of Oudh, became British territory under Lord L)alhousie s proclamation of February 1856.
century, at once singularly learned and learnedly singular. He was born at Quimper in Brittany in 1646, and died at Paris in 1727. Having acquired a taste for literature in his father s book-shop, he sought and obtained about his sixteenth year admission into the learned society of the Jesuits. In Paris, where he went to study theology, he ultimately became librarian of the College Louis le Grand. The life of laborious authorship inaugurated by his edition of Themistius (Paris, 1684), which included no less than thirteen new orations, was continued with wonderful per severance and success. At the advice of Gamier he under took to edit the Natural History of Pliny for the Delphiu series, and five years saw the completion of a task which, in the opinion of Huet, would have taken any ordinary scholar fifty years. His attention having been turned to numismatics as auxiliary to his great editorial labours, he published several learned works in that department, marred, however, as almost everything he did was marred, by a determination to be at all hazards different from other inter preters. It is sufficient to mention his Nummi antiqui populorum et urbium illustrati (Paris, 1684), Antirrheticus de nummis antiquis coloniarum et municipiorum (Paris, 1689), and Chronologia Vet. Test, nd vulgatam versionem exacta et nummis illustrate (Paris, 1696). By the eccles
iastical authorities Hardouin was appointed to supervise
