the Concillorum collectio regia maxima (Greek and Latin, Paris, 1715, 12 vols.) ; but he was accused of suppressing important documents and foisting in apocryphal matter, and by order of the parliament of Paris the publication of the work was delayed till some of its deficiencies were remedied. It is, however, as the originator of a variety of paradoxical theories that the learned father is now best remembered. The most remarkable, contained in his Chronologie expliquee par les medailles (Paris, 1696), was to the effect that, with the exception of the works of Homer, Herodotus, and Cicero, the Natural History of Pliny, the Georgics of Virgil, and the Satires and Epistles of Horace, all the ancient classics of Greece and Rome were spurious, having been manufactured by monks of the
13th century.
In 1 709 Jean Louis de Lormc published at Amsterdam an edition of Hardouin s Opera Seleda, and though he made many corrections at the author s suggestion, he refused to admit the wholesale can celling of the passages condemned by the Jesuits. Details in regard to Hardouin s labours, controversies, and whimsies may be found in Bayle and Moreri ; in Lacombe, Did. dcs portraits historiques ; Lambert, Hist. litt. du regne de Louis XIV. ; Dupin, Bibliotheque des auteurs ecclcsiastiques ; Levot, Biographic brctonne (Vannes, 1852-57); and, more particularly, Augustin and Alois de Backer, Bibliotheqiie dcs ficrivains de Ix Corny, de Jesus (Liege, 1853).
HARDT, Hermann von der (1660–1746), Orientalist, descended from an old Dutch family, was born at Melle, in Westphalia, on 15th November 1660. His father, who was treasurer of the county of Tecklenburg, appreciating his son s abilities, gave him a good education at Osnabriick, and sent him afterwards to Jena and Leipsic. Young Hardt, gifted with a quick disposition and a power ful memory, soon gained renown for his fluency in carrying on learned discussions in Latin ; but the study of the Oriental languages diverted him from all other pursuits, and in no long time he made himself master of Hebrew, Syriac, and Chaldee. The dake of Brunswick, hearing of Hardt s fam3, appointed him his librarian shortly after the Orientalist had founded at Leipsic a philobiblical society, with the object of determining the sacred text. In 1690 Hardt was called to the chair of Oriental languages at Helmstadt; and his late master was prevailed upon to pre sent to that university his valuable library, of which Hardt was again appointed to take charge in 1702. Seven years later he was named rector of the gymnasium of Marienburg, a post which he held till his death on 28th of February 1746.
Among his numerous writings, the following deserve mention: Autographa, Luthcri aliorumque cclcbrium Virorum, ab anno 1517 ad annum 1546, Reformation/is dltaiem ct Historiam egregie illus- tra/itia, 1690-91 ; Magnum (Ecumcnicnm Constantlcnsc Concilium, 1697; ffobrccce linguae Fimdainenta, 1694; Syriacce linguce Fundamtnta, 1694; Elemcnta Chaldaica, 1693; Historia littcraria Reforiiiationis, 1717; Enigmata prisci orbis, 1723. The last is a collection of pieces previously published separately, all of which had been condemned by the church. This republication was ordered to be suppressed. Hardt left a History of the Reformation in manuscript, which is preserved in the Helmstadt Juleum.
HARDWÁR, or Hurdwar, an ancient town of India and plxce of pilgrimage, in Saharanpur district, ISTorth-Western Provinces, situated on the right bank of the Ganges at the foot of the Siwalik Hills, in 29 57 30" N. lat., 78 12 52" E. long. Population (1872), 4800. The town is of great antiquity, and has borne many names. It was originally known as Kapila from the sage Kapila. Hwen Thsang, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, in the 7th century a.d. visited a city which he calls Mo-yu-lo, the remains of which still exist at Mayapur, a little to the south of the modern town. Among the ruins are a fort and three temples, decorated with broken stone sculptures. The great object of attraction at present is the Hari-ke-charan, or bathing ghat, with the adjoining temple of Gangadwara. The charan, or foot-mark of Vishnu, is imprinted on a stone let into the upper wall of the gkdt, and forms an object of special reverence. A great assemblage of people takes place annually, and every twelfth year a feast of peculiar sanctity occurs, known as a Kumbh-mela. The ordinary number of pilgrims at the annual fair amounts to 100,000, and at the Kumbh-mela to 300,000. The Hardwar meeting also possesses considerable mercantile importance, being one of the principal horse-fairs in Upper India. Commodities of all kinds, Indian and European, find a ready sale, and the trade in grain and food-stuffs forms a lucrative traffic. The Ganges canal draws its supply of water from a branch channel close to the town. Hardwar is a police station, with post and telegraph offices.
HARDY, Alexandre (1560–1631), the most fertile of all dramatic authors, next to Lope de Vega and Calderon, merits a place in dramatic literature on that account alone. He is said to have written upwards of six hundred plays, of which forty-one were printed in his own edition of 1624-28, and may still be read. It cannot be charged upon modern writers that they are slow to see merit in early French authors, but it has been found impossible by any to admire the hasty works of a man who wrote a tragedy in eight days, and did not scruple to borrow situations from any quarter where he could find them. He at first followed a strolling company as its author, and ended by becoming the dramatist of the Theatre du Marais. He knew how to make the most of his situations ; he, evidently by con stant practice, became a master of stage business and stage effects ; he knew the kind of dialogue coarse and rough which would please his audience ; his art, compared with that of Moliere, his successor, is the art of a carpentgr com pared with that of a sculptor. To the student of the drama Hardy will always be an interesting figure, appearing as he does between the degraded morality and the modern comedy, an imitator alike of Italian pastoral and Spanish tragedy. He had no sympathy with the classical preten sions of Jodelle ; he gave little heed to art ; he thought entirely of what would succeed for the moment. One piece alone of Hardy s has succeeded in arresting the atten tion of critics, the tragedy of Mariamne. Hardy lived long enough to witness the first successes of Corneille.
chronicler of the 15th century, was born in 1378. Having been admitted at the age of twelve to the household of Henry Hotspur, son of the earl of Northumberland, he was afterwards present with his patron at the battles of Homildon (1402) and Cokelawe, and saw him fall in the fatal field of Shrewsbury (1402). He next entered the service of Sir Robert Umfraville, and held for some time the post of constable of the castle of Warkworth. In the beginning of the reign of King Henry V. he was commissioned to recover as many as possible of the deeds connected with the homage of the Scottish kings to the English crown : and we find him some time after presenting the results of his search to Henry at Bois de Vincennes. In recognition of his exertions he was promised the manor of Gedyngton in Northamptonshire (worth in the money of the time from <32 to 36), but the king dying before he obtained posses sion he was left, as he tells us, "without reward or lyfelode any wise." Beyond a stray notice in the Lansdowne MS. of his chronicle, to the effect that Hardyng was in 1424 at Rome consulting and transcribing the chronicle of Trogus Pompeius, there is little trace of his proceedings till 1434, when he received a safe conduct from James of Scotland, that he might bring with him " the thynges which we spake to you at Coldingham of, for which we binde us by this letters to pay you a thousand marks of English nobles." A contract preserved in the Exchequer bears that in 1457 he delivered to the earl of Shrewsbury the letters in which David and Robert of Scotland recognized the English supre
macy, and a number of less important documents of similar
