Haytian Republic.—The republic of Hayti occupies the western end of the island, and is separated from the Dominican republic by a line drawn from the river Pedernales on the south to the mouth of the river Massacre on the north. Its area is estimated at about 10,000 square miles. It is governed under a constitution adopted June 14, 1867. The national assembly is composed of two chambers, a senate and a house of commons. The president is elected for four years. The revenue is estimated at about £900,000, and the expenditure at £1,400,000; but the frequent civil disorders prevent any just estimates. There is a large floating debt, arising chiefly from paper money issued by the different Governments. The foreign debt, made up of a loan contracted in Paris in 1825 and other liabilities to the French Government, amounts to £1,281,994. No interest has been paid for years. The army consists nominally of 6828 men, mostly infantry. The commerce of Hayti is chiefly with Great Britain and the United States. The principal exports are coffee, mahogany, and logwood; the principal imports, cotton and linen goods. The value of the exports from 1875 to 1877 averaged yearly about £1,300,000; the value of the imports during the same period about £1,180,000. In 1877 British cottons were imported of the value of £252,326; linens, £54,098. The weights and measures in use, and the gold and silver coins in circulation, are French. The piastre or dollar of the republic is now worth about 4s.
Dominican Republic.—The republic of Santo Domingo or San Domingo (in French Saint Domingue, and officially Republica Dominica) has an area variously estimated at from 18,000 to 20,590 English square miles, and is divided into the five provinces or states of Santo Domingo, Santa Cruz del Seibo, Concepcion de la Vega, Santiago de los Caballeros, and Azua de Compostela, and the two maritime districts of Porto Plata and Samana. According to the constitution of 1844, reinforced and at the same time modified in 1865, the executive power in the republic is in the hands of a president elected for six years, and assisted by a ministry of his own appointment; and the legislature in the hands of a senate of nine members. Each state has also a legislature of its own. The budget of 1876 was estimated at £170,651. In regard to the home debt no precise information is obtainable. The loan of £757,700 contracted in London in 1869, of which it has been proved that the Government received only from £38,000 to £50,000, was repudiated in 1872. The republic, has no fleet; and a battalion or two in the capital is the whole of its standing army. Industry and commerce, hitherto kept in abeyance by the political restlessness of the country, are beginning to develop. In 1875 the imports of the two harbours of Santo Domingo and Porto Plata were £34,930, and the exports £309,361. The chief articles of export were tobacco (11,613,230 ℔), sugar (7,152,015 ℔), coffee (264,179 ℔), honey (115,680 ℔), wax (289,062 ℔), and mahogany (1,375,790 feet); and other articles are lignum vitæ, logwood, fustic, cocoa, and turtle-shell. Santo Domingo, the capital of the republic, situated at the mouth of the Ozama river, has a population of about 20,000.
See B. Edwards, Hist. Survey of the Island of Santo Domingo, Lond., 1801; Justin, Hist. politique et statistique de l’isle de Haïti, Par., 1826 J. Franklin, The Present State of Hayti, Lond., 1828; Jordan, Geschichte der Insel Haiti, Leipsic, 1846; Monte y Tejada, Historia de Santo Domingo, Havana, 1853; Joseph Saint Remy, Pétion et Haïti, Par., 1853–58, Ardouin, Hist. d’Haïti, Par., 1853–61; Saint Amand, Hist. des révolutions d’Haïti, Par., 1859; Linstant Pradine, Recueil général des lois et actes du gouvernement d'Haïti, Par., 1851–65; Handelmann, Geschichte von Haiti, Kiel, 1860; Bonneau, Haïti, ses progrès, son avenir, Par., 1862; Contzen, Haiti und seine Rassenkämpfe, historisch entwickelt, Cologne, 1863; J. de Marlès, Hist. descript. et pittor. de Saint Domingue, Par., 1869; Keim, Santo Domingo, Pen Pictures and Leaves of Travel, Philadelphia, 1871; Delorme, Reflexions sur Haiti, Par., 1873; Sam. Hazard, Santo Domingo, Past and Present, Lond., 1873; Robert Stuart, H.M. minister, “Haiti or Hispaniola,” in Journ. of the Roy. Geogr. Soc., vol. xlviii., 1878; Eldin, Haïti, treize ans de séjour aux Antilles, Toulouse, 1879. Hazard gives a good list of books relating to the island. An excellent map will be found in Petermann’s Mittheilungen, 1874.
HAYWARD, Sir John (c. 1560–1627), one of the earliest writers of English history as distinguished from the old chroniclers, was born about 1560 at or near Felixstow on the coast of Suffolk. According to a statement in his will he “received the means of his education” out of the parish of Felixstow. It is affirmed by the old authorities that he studied at Cambridge and took the degree of doctor in civil law, but his name does not occur in any of the registers. In 1599 he published The First Part of the Life and Raigne of King Henrie the IIII., extending to the end of the first yeare of his raigne, which, from its dedication to the earl of Essex, and a passage it contained on hereditary rights, led to the author’s imprisonment by Elizabeth. The queen also caused Francis Bacon to search the book for “places in it that might be drawn within case of treason,” who reported, “For treason surely I find none, but for felony very many,”—explaining that many of his sentences had been stolen from Cornelius Tacitus. Notwithstanding this jocular exculpation Hayward was continued in prison, in all probability until after the death of the queen. On the accession of James I. he courted that monarch’s favour by the publication of two political pamphlets—On the Right of Succession (1603), and A Treatise of Union of England and Scotland (1604); and in 1610 he was appointed historiographer along with Camden of the college which King James attempted to found at Chelsea. In 1613 he published his Lives of the Three Norman Kings of England, which he wrote at the request of Prince Henry. In 1616 he was admitted an advocate of Doctors Commons, and in 1619 he received the honour of knighthood. He died 27th June 1627. Among his manuscripts was found The Life and Raigne of K. Edward VI., first published in 1630, and Certain Yeres of Queen Elizabeth’s Raigne, the beginning of which was printed in an edition of the Reign of Edward VI., published in 1636, but which was first published in a complete form in 1840, for the Camden Society, under the editorship of John Bruce, who prefixed an introduction on the life and writings of the author. Hayward was conscientious and diligent in obtaining information, and, although his reasoning on questions of morality is often childish, his descriptions are generally graphic and vigorous. Notwithstanding his imprisonment by Elizabeth, his portrait of the qualities of her mind and person is flattering rather than detractive.
HAZÁRA, or Huzara, a British district in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, India, lying between 33° 45’ and 35° 2’ N. lat., and between 72° 35’ 30” and 74° 9’ E. long. It forms the north-eastern district of the Pesháwar Division, and is bounded on the N. by the Black Mountains, the Swáthi country, Kohistán, and Chilás; on the E. by the native state of Kashmir; on the S. by Ráwal Pindi district; and on the W. by the river Indus. The area is 2771 square miles.
The district forms a wedge of territory extending far into the heart of the outer Himalayan range, and consisting of a long narrow valley, shut in on both sides by lofty mountains, whose peaks rise to a height of 17,000 feet above sea level. Towards the centre of the district the vale of Khágán is bounded by mountain chains, which sweep southward still maintaining a general parallel direction, and send off spurs on every side which divide the country into numerous minor dales. The district is well watered by the tributaries of the Indus, the Kunhár, which flows through the Khágán Valley into the Jhílam (Jhelum), and many rivulets. Throughout the scenery is picturesque. To the north rise the distant peaks of the snow-clad ranges; midway, the central mountains stand clothed to their rounded summits with pines and other forest trees, while grass and brushwood spread a green cloak over the nearer hills, and cultivation covers every available slope.
