HORITZ (Bohemian Horice), a town of Bohemia, Austria, government district of Kbniggratz, is situated on the right bank of the Bistritz, 10 miles N.E. from Bidschow. Among the principal buildings are the district court of justice, the castle, the synagogue, the town-house, the poor- house, and the infirmary. It possesses woollen and linen manufactories, a brewery, flour-mills, and saw-mills. Flax and fruit are grown in the vicinity. The population in 1869 was 5659.
HORMAYR, Joseph, Baron von, German statesman and historian, was born at Innsbruck, January 20th 1781, and died at Munich, November 5th, 1848. After studying law for several years (1794-1797) in his native town, and attaining the rank of major in the Tyrol laniwehr, the young man, who had the advantage of being the grandson of Joseph von Hormayr (1705- 1781), chancellor of Tyrol, obtained a post in the foreign office at Vienna (1801), from which he rose in 1803 to be court secretary and director of the secret archives of the kingdom and court. During the insurrection by which in 1809 the Tyrolese sought to throw off the B ivarian supremacy confirmed by the treaty of Pressburg, Hormayr was the mainstxy of the Austrian party, and assumed the administration of everything save the military arrangements ; but, returning home without the prestige and protection of success, he fell into disfavour both with the emperor Francis I. and the prime minister Metternich, and at length in 1813 he was arrested and imprisoned. In 1316 some amends were made to him by his appointment as historiographer royal ; but so little was he satisfied with the general policy and conduct of the Austrian court that in 1828 he accepted an invitation to the Bavarian capital, where he became ministerial councillor in the department of foreign affairs. In 1832 he was appointed Bavarian minister at Hanover, and from 1839 to 1846 he held tin same position at Bremen. The last two years of his life were spent at Munich as superintendent of the national archives. Hormayr s literary activity was closely condi tioned by the circumstances of his political career : while the access which he enjoyed to original documents gave value to his treatment of the past, his record or criticism of contemporary events received authority and interest from the character of his personal experience. In his later writings he is a keen opponent of the policy of the court of Vienna.
T io following nrc among Ilormayv s more important works : Kritisch-diplomatische Btitriigc zur Gcschichte Tirolsim Mittclaltcr, Innsb., 1802-3; Gcscli. dcr gcfiirst. Orafschnft Tirol, Tiib., 1806-8; OcslerrcichiscJicr Plutarch, 20 vols., Vienna, 1807-20; Arcliiv fur Gcs-h. Stat. Lit. v;nl Jftin.if, 20 vols., 1809-28; Wicn, seine Gcsch. tin ! Denkwurdifjkeiten, Vienna, 1823-25; Lebcnsbilder aus dem Br/reiungskricgr., Jena, 1841-44; Die goldcnc Chroink ron Holtcn- Khioangan, Munich, 1842; Anemoncn aus dcm T/igcbuch tin s alien Pilgcrmanns, Jena, 1845-47. Along with Mednyanski (1784-184-1) he founded Taschcubu.cli fur die Vatcrland. Gesch., Vienna, 1811-48.
HORMISDAS, pope from 514–523, in succession to Symmachus, was a native of Campania. Although on his election overtures were at once made by Anastasius I., emperor of the East, for the reunion of the Eastern and Western Churches, which had been separated since the excomunication of Acacius in 484, the zeal or intolerance of the pope delayed it till he was able to procure it on his own terms, in 519, from the orthodox emperor Justin, llormisdas paid much attention to the instruction of his clergy in psalmody. He was succeeded in 523 by John I. Eighty of his letters are preserved in Labbe s Sacrosancta Connlii, vol. v. (1728), and are also to be found in vol. l^iii. of Migne s Patrologice Cursus Completus (Latin series V
HORN. The weapons which project from the heads of various species of animals, constituting what are known as horns, embrace substances which are, in their anatomical structure and chemical composition, quite distinct from each other; and although in commerce also they are known indiscriminately as horn, their uses are altogether dissimilar. These differences in structure an I properties are thus indicated by Professor Owen : "The weapons to which the term horn is properly or technically applied con sist of very different substances, and belong to two organic systems, as distinct from each other as both are from the teeth. Thus the horns of deer consist of bone, and are processes of the frontal bone; those of the giraffe are inde pendent bones or epiphyses covered by hairy skin ; those of oxen, sheep, and antelopes are apophyses of the frontal bone, covered by the corium and by a sheath of true horny material; those of the prong-horned antelope consist at their basis of bony processes covered by hairy skin, and are covered by horny sheaths in the rest of their extent. They thus combine the character of those of the giraffe and ordi nary antelope, together with the expanded and branched form of the antlers of deers. Only the horns of the rhino ceros are composed wholly of horny matter, and this is dis posed in longitudinal fibres, so that the horns seeni rather to consist of coarse bristles compactly matted together in the form of a more or less elongated sub-compressed cone." True horny matter is really a modified form of epidermic tissue, and consists of an albuminoid principle termed "keratin," It forms, not only the horns of the ox tribe, but also the hoofs, claws, or nails of animals generally, the carapace of the tortoises and the armadillo.es, the scales of the pangolin, porcupine quills, and birds feathers, <tc. The principal application of horns is for the manufacture of combs, and under the heading Comb, vol. vi. pp. 177–78, that industry is described. The other uses to which horn is now devoted, among which may be noted the pressing of buttons, the making of handles for walking-sticks, umbrel- j las, and knives, the manufacture of drinking-cups, spoons of various kinds, and snuff-boxes, do not here require ex tended notice. The parings and refuse of horn are valuable for the manufacture of prussiate of potash and as manure ; and the ash of the cores of horn makes excellent cupels for the assay of precious metals, [n former times horn was applied to several uses for which it is no longer required, although such applications have left their traces in our language. Thus the musical instruments and fog signals known as horns indicate their descent from earlier and simpler forms of apparatus made from horn. In the same way powder-horns were spoken of long after they ceased to be made of that substance ; to a small extent lanterns still continue to be "glazed" with thin transparent plates of horn, a practice which a century ago was universal. Horn books consisted of spelling-books with their leaves protected by thin plates of horn, and it was in former times customary to protect the titles of valuable MSS. in the same way. Deer-horn is almost exclusively used for handles by cutlers and walking-stick and umbrella makers. The 1 irgest supply is obtained from the East Indies, and consists principally of the antlers of the axis, Axis maculafa, and the Rusa deer, J-fusct Aristotelis.
