T A L Y [STATISTICS. STATISTICS. The preceding sections have dealt with Italy the country as a permanent physical unity; here it is proposed to consider Italy the kingdom as a modern political and social unity. In dealing with the various aspects of the subject we shall be continually reminded of the fact that Italy is one of tli3 very youngest of the greater nations of Europe. In attempting to trace back the movement of any department of social activity, the investigator here finds his retrospect soon interrupted and closed ; instead of the statistics of the kingdom of Italy he has only the statistics, fragmentary and incapable of comparison, of the several states by whose incorporation it has been formed. Extent,. Of the Italian frontier 294 miles coincide with that of Fi-ance, 355 with that of Switzerland, and 269 with that of Austria. Owing mainly to natural causes, but partly also to political tradi tions, the line is a very irregular one ; and at various points it has been subjected to rectifications on a small scale since the consolida tion of the kingdom. The limits towards France are determined by the convention signed at Turin in 1861. The same year saw the revision of the line between Lombardy and Ticino on the basis of the treaty of Varese, 1752. In 1863 the boundary of the Orisons tvas slightly modified, and the Lei valley assigned to Italy; in 1873 the frontier was fixed between Teramo and Brusio and at the Alp de Cravairola ; and in 1875 a district of 4324 acres, or nearly 7 square miles, which had been in dispute was assigned to Italy by the arbitration of the United States, and incorporated with the province of Novara. Ou the surrender of the Austrian provinces of Italy to the new kingdom in 1867, it was decided that the frontier between the two states should be that of the actual adminis tration of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom. The total area of the kingdom of Italy is given officially as 296,322-91 square kilometres or 114,380 64 square miles ; but the estimate confessedly rests on data that are to a considerable extent provisional. It was published by Maestri, the head of the general direction of statistics in the census returns for 1861, and the investi gations of the minister of public works in 1871 tended to confirm its general accuracy. But that it should be more than a very fair ap proximation to the truth is impossible in the defective state of the Italian surveys. Though various parts of the country were carefully gone over for cadastral purposes by commissions appointed by several of the independent states of the peninsula, 1 the methods employed in the different cases wire so heterogeneous that the results, even if com plete, could not rjadily and correctly be combined into a whole. Many of the communes are destitute of any authentic demarcation of their territorial limits. Territorial Divisions. The kingdom is divided into the following sixteen compartimenti (Table I.) : 1 . Piedmont : Alessandria, Cunco. Novara, Turin. 2. Liguria : Genoa, Porto Maurizio. 3. Lombardy : Bergamo, Brescia, Como, Cremona, Mantua, Milan, Pavia, Sondrio. 4. Venice: Belluno, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Udinc, Venice, Verona, Vicenza. 5. Emilia : Bologna, Ferrara, Forfi, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Ravenna, Reggio. fi. Umbria : Perugia. 7. Marches: Aneona, Aseoli Piceno, Macerata, Pesaro-Urbino. 8. Tuscany : Arezzo, Florence, Grosseto, Leghorn, Lucca, Massa-Carrara, Pisa, Siena. 9. Latittm : Rome. 10. Abruzzi and Molise: Aquila, Campobasso, Chieti, Teramo. 1 1. Campania : Avellino, Benevento, Caserta, Naples, Salerno. 12. Apulia: Bari, Foggia, Leccc. 13. Basil icata : Potenza. 14. Calabria* : Catanzaro, Cosenza, Rcggio. 15. Sicily: Caltanisetta, Catania, Girgenti, Messina, Palermo, Syracuse, Trapanl. 1C. Sardinia : Cagliari, Sassari. Of these Abruzzi and Molise, Campania, Apulia, Basilicata, and the Calabrias are not uufrequently grouped together in statistical tables under the name of the Neapolitan territory (Napoletano). The provinces which formed the Sardinian kingdom are often spoken of as the Ancient Provinces. These compartimenti, however, are not true administrative divisions, but rather conventional groupings of a number of pro vinces. It is the province which forms the true administrative unit. According to modern nomenclature it always takes its name from tine oapoluogo (chef-lieu or administrative centre), which is the seat of the prefect. The provinces are subdivided into so many circles or districts (the name circondario being employed in all parts of the kingdom except the Veneto, where the old established word 1 In the ancient Piedmont provinces a cadastral survey was undertaken as early as 1677, but it was not finished till 1729; in the Modenese provinces that of Garfagnana goes hack to 1533, that of Rola to 1785, that of the " plain and hill " to 1791 ; in the Tuscan provinces the cadastre was compiled between 1822 and 1834; and the Lombardo-Venetian provinces have a double cadastre, the first dating from 1718. the second commenced in 1828. See Atti del prime eongretso de/jli vtt/er/nei i ed architetti ilaliani, Milan, 1875, pp. 420-468. A large map of Italy, in 227 sections, corresponding to that of the Knglish Ordnance Survey, is in course of publication, under the supervision of the Iitituto topografico militare (formerly of the S/ato maggiore) ; and a Government commission, which has issued a Jiollettino rjcolo<iieo since 1870, is engaged in the preparation of a large geological map. See Giordano in Atti dti Lincei, 1878. distrctto is still in use). The division known as the mandamcnto has to do with the legal administration only. It must be noted that formerly many of the provinces had special designations other than those of their chief towns, and that some of these are still of not infrequent occurrence especially outside of Italy. Thus Reggie corresponds to Calabria Ulteriore Frima, Catanzaro to Calabria Ulteriore Seconda, Cosenza to Calabria Citeriore, Teramo to Abruzzo Ulteriore Primo, Aquila to Abruzzo Ulteriore Secondo, Chieti to Abruzzo Citeriore, Campobasso to Molise, Foggia to Capitanata, Lecce to Terra d Otranto, Bari to Terra di Bari, Avellino to Principato Ulteriore, Salerno to Principato Citeriore, Caserta to Terra di Lavoro, Potenza to Basilicata. The following table (II.) gives the provinces, with their respective areas, according to Professor Baccarini in the Annuario Statistico Italiano 1881, pp. 82-9, ami the populations ascertained by the census of 1861 and that of December 31, 1871. The figures in this table give a total of 114,403 square miles, slightly differing from the Maestri estimate. so. Provinces. Area. Population. sq. kil. sq. miles. 1801. 1871. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 CO 61 62 63 04 65 66 67 68 69 5,054 1.907 000 1,951 736 2,509 1,277 809 1,409 2,292 1,271 688 1.087 1 .390 1,644 5,257 1,455 1,777 2,307 1,970 2,307 1,105 1,050 2,841 032 2,755 1,010 2,267 2,953 719 1,588 1,491 1,706 3.293 126 576 1,056 061 687 1,768 1,155 966 411 2,526 755 1,964 1,250 1,291 3.719 1,144 965 1.180 467 4,122 742 1,515 877 4,601 651 2,126 4,141 1,465 1,427 1,261 1,283 4.067 1,214 941 2,515 848 1,060 1,016 645,607 254,849 309,451 219,559 196,030 855,621 554,402 > 220,500 347,235 407,452 486,383 327,097 223,178 346,007 653,464 450,460 384,159 327,316 457,434 431,691 339,641 697,279 199,158 696,214 312,885 224,463 650,143 263,880 100,626 447,982 116,811 256,161 229,626 ? 140,733 395,139 948,320 260,591 867,983 579,385 083,361 262,349 332,784 234,645 203,004 375,691 604,540 175,282 232,008 368,152 439,232 456,023 393,208 230,066 364,208 697,403 495,415 412,226 339,986 477,642 440,468 300,595 618,232 215,369 766,824 322,758 234,090 716,759 289,018 107,457 493,594 118,851 280,399 236,994 288,942 161,944 420,649 1,009,794 273,231 907,752 624,985 364,430 617,678 264,381 448,435 549,601 213,072 265,959 225,775 127,053 501,543 221,115 353,608 240,635 836,704 200,835 541,738 243,452 206.446 294 885 111,241 246,004 236,388 352,538 972,986 481,786 337,538 367.437 363,161 3 303 2,095 3.649 5.936 3.291 1,782 2.816 3 601 Avellino Bari Belluno Brescia 4,257 13,615 3,768 4,603 5,974 5,102 5,975 2,861 2,719 7,358 1,637 7,135 2,616 5,873 7,648 1,862 4.114 3.861 4,420 8,529 326 1,493 2,736 2,490 1,779 4.579 Campobasso Catanzaro Chieti Firenze (Florence) .. Forfi Genova (Genoa) Girgenti Lecce Livorno (Leghorn).. Mantova (Mantua).. Massa and Carrara. Milano (Milan) 2,992 2,501 1,065 6,543 1,955 5,086 3,239 3,345 9.6-13 2,964 2,499 3,056 1,209 10,675 1,922 3.923 2,271 11,917 1,686 6,505 10,726 3.794 3.697 3,2(i7 3,324 10,584 3.145 2.437 (i.514 2.198 2.747 2,632 Napoli (Naples) Novara Padova (Padua) Palermo y 585,163 256,029 419,785 513,019 202,508 218,569 243,028 121,330 492,959 209,518 324,540 230,054 528.256 215,967 193,935 259.613 106,040 230.061 941.992 214,981 i ? Pavia Pesaro and Urbino. Piacenza Porto Maurizio Reggio Calabria Rcggio Emilia Roma (Rome) Siracnsa (Syracuse) Torino (Turin) Venezia (Venice)... 296,305 114.403 25.016,801 26,801,154 Vital Statistics. Previous to 1871 we have no census for the whole kingdom of Italy, seeing that at the previous csnsus of 1861 the Roman territory was not yet incorporated. Approximate totals are obtainable for earlier dates by summing up the returns for the Sardinian kingdom, the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, &c., not indeed belonging to the same year, but separated from each other by comparatively slight intervals. It is thus estimated that the growth of the population of the territory now forming the kingdom
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