STATISTICS.] I T A L Y 449 is represented with some approach to accuracy in the following table (III.) : 1770 14.089,317 1795 10,256,974 1800 17,237,421 1816 1S.380.99.> 1S25 19,720,977 183S 21,975,20.1 1848 23,617,153 1858 24.857,417 1861 25,016,801 At this last date (1861) the population of the kingdom exclusive of the province of Koine was 21 ,777,3:54. The census of 1871 showed for the whole kingdom a totnl of 26,801,154 ; and it is estimated that this had increased by 1875 to 27,482,174, and by 1879 to 28,437,091. The census of 1861 gave 10,897,236 males and 10,880,098 females, that of 1871 13,472,213 males and 13,328,892 females. At the latter date 36 per cent, of the population were married, and 6 per cent, in a state of widowhood. The 1871 census shows that the males are in distinct excess of the females for the first fifteen years of life, that after that age the excess is on the side of the females, and becomes very strong between nineteen and twenty-one, and that between thirty-one and seventy - one the advantage is for the most part on the side of the males. (See Luigi Kameri s elaborate study in Annali di Statist ica, series 2, vol. x., 1879.) In spite of the fact that the great mass of the Italian population is engaged in agricultural pursuits, an unusual proportion of the inhabitants are congregated in towns. The Italian, to quote the words of Gallenga,* is no lover of the country; he dreads of all tilings an isolated dwelling. If he cannot live in the capital, theil in a provincial city ; if not, in a country town ; then in a village; only not in a country house. Landowners (what in England would" be known as county families), farmers, and most of the labourers huddle together in their squalid boroughs and hamlets; and the peasants have often a journey of several miles before they reach the fields entrusted to their care, though this tendency is indeed now less marked than formerly. At the- same time the num ber of very large cities is comparatively small. At the census of TART.K IV. Communal Population of Towns in 1879. Com mune. Town. Coin- in r.ne. Town. 1879. Naples 452,839 Milan 1 263,016 ! 1871. i 415,549 199,009 180,145 219.608 i 192.443 167,093 130.269 128,094 70,307 89,104 80,914 83,490 28,509 21,286 44,607 60,049 11,935 28,059 30,854 49,4i!l 12,96 19.131 i Trcviso 1S79. 28,397 28,317 28,298 28.000 27,493 27,239 27.117 26.944 26,824 i 2e,6C2 j 26,659 ! 26,648 i 26,577 ! 26,564 i 26,490 ! 26,442 25.842 25,463 25,451 25.020 1 24,020 24.564 24,3(iO 24,217 24,132 24.122 24,086 23,970 23,745 23,387 22,937 22,638 22,524 22.450 22,320 22.C27 22,027 21,914 21,890 21,792 21.702 21.660 21,599 21,447 21,348 21.338 21,144 21,124 21,001 20.853 20,781 20.608 20.560 20,526 20,444 2I ,377 20,385 20,331 1871. 16,824 21,466 22,639 19,827 27,885 3,973 27,104 10,647 21,739 8,664 16,030 20,140 7,602 15,450 24,026 22,993 18,950 16,711 18,537 28,679 18,460 26,687 6,210 10,931 18,129 14,321 5,343 21,494 20,886 19,007 11,357 8,471 4,854 22, )65 19,560 20,908 18,802 11,423 13,917 1,971 r 79^ 14, .393 19,499 19,8:J8 17,736 17,370 13,800 5,517 6,439 19,734 7,033 10,326 8,829 5,223 16,9!I7 4,345 1,028 11,194 Paler-no 234.156 Home 2 232,956 itii-in 214,572 Florence 107,714
- I avia
Coitona i! Castile Monferrato. Spezia Cerignola I UgO Sa^ona i Vercelll Carrara Monza Tiani Bitonto Torre del Greco.... Catanzaro Genoa 163,539 Ve ice 124,768 Medina 121,856 Bologna 111,773 Leghorn 98,302 Catania ! 91,417 Ferrara 75,42 S Lucca : 68,849 Pad a 66, 151 Verona 65,502 l. avenna : 60,877 Alessandria 59,667 Modena 56,320 Bari < 55,513 Pisfoia 53,986 Keggio JC.) : 50,808 Cremona Lee ic Mantua Pisa 50,374 25,906 16,708 2,857 28,031 12,897 Cittadi Castello.... Perugia, 49.105 Capannori 47.279 Ancona 46865 Syracuse Chieti Prato 42,8*2 Gubbio Parma 40,725 44,915 15,324 11,154 34,181 32,076 20,514 7,472 14,105 19.083 26,914 26,944 14,280 30,032 9,747 22,639 30,542 29,905 17,203 38,906 19,905 27,444 14,827 34,908 12,754 6,508 20,547 26,018 26,516 18,300 22,004 9,355 Forfi 39,599 Arezzo 39463 Alcamo Fojjgia 39.314 Andria 38,414 Ascoli i iceno Acirealc : 38332 Sen gallia Ccsena : 38.144 Marsala 88,018 Siena Kuggio (C.) ! 38,006 Trapani 37,778 Viccnza : 37,188 Faenza 36.665 Canicattl GirgenH Cuneo Mndica 36,276 liiinini 36 187 Cava de Tirzeni.... Avellino Bergamo 35,286 , Sassari 34,305 Castclvetrano Ciigliari 34,269 Asti 33,983 Sciacca Benevento Monopoli Sessa Aurunca Hrescia 33,344 Salerno 31,297 Harlettn 31 230 Novara 31,128 Piacenza 31,094 Ciserta ; 30.874 Cop; aro 30,105 Tiirant > 29.717 Corato 29,687 Molfe-ta 29,579 Castcllamare 28,561 1 din . 28 437 Aversa J-polefo Viterbo Teramo Cento Francavilla Kecanati Bagni San Giuliano! Macerata Imola 28,421 Country Life in Piedmont. " Rome at the end of 1880 had 305,400. 1871 Naples ranked first with a communal population of 448,335 ; and there were twenty-two other towns whose inhabitants numbered about 50,000 or upwards. With the exception of four belonging to Sicily, the greater number of these were situated in the north? Table IV. indicates the communal population of all the towns that exceed 20,000 according to the municipal bulletins for 1879. The figures differ from those of the Movimcnto dello Slat. Civile, as the latter takes into account only births and deaths and not migrations. The official reports divide the communes into urban, those with an agglomerate population of 6000 inhabitants ; mixed, those in which there is a centre of 6000, but a greater number in the country districts ; and rural, comprising all the others. Of the urban there were 373 in 1875, of the mixed 39, and of the rural 7873. The following table (V.) shows the number and distribution of the greater centres of population throughout the kingdom : c c Centres. 1 - 1 c a 1 c w = s 1
V F = p. ~
J
J
>
w
D
H
K
fc
33
&
Upwards of 100,000 )
inhabitants j
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
!
From 60.000 to 100.000
1
1
1
2
40,000 60.003
1
j
1
., 20.000 ., 40,000
2
5
g
T
3
9
8
>
12,000 20.000
3
2
3
2
3
1
3
2
45
28
8,000 ., 12.000
10
2
6
1
4
2
3
3
2
46
43
i
6.000 8,000
7
4
5
4
2
4
4
3
9
68
34
4
Total above 6000
23
9
20
12
14
7
8
14
14
170
116
7
In 1877 it was found that 238 of the 8295 communes of the king
dom had no register of population, and that the aggregate popula
tion in December 1876 of the communes which were thus situated
or did not keep their registers up to date was no less than 7,002,456,
or more than one-fourth of the population of the country (Anna!/
di Stat., vol. v., 1879). The statistics of the growth of the popu
lation are consequently attended with a degree of uncertainty ;
but the following table (VI.) exhibits the general facts since the
completion of the kingdom:
j Marriages.
Births.
Still-Births.
Peaths.
Population.
1872
202,361
1.020,6S2
29,546
827,498
26.994,338
1873
214,906
985.188
28,351
813,973
27.165.553
1874
207,997
951,658
26,991
827,253
27,289,958
1875
230,486
1,035,377
29,830
843,161
27.482.174
1x76
225,453
1.083.721
33.069
796,420
27,769,475
1877
214,972
1,029,037
31,406
787,817
28,010.095
1878
199,885
1.0,2.475
31,305
813,550
28,209.620
1879
213,090
1,064,153
33.525 j 836,082
28,437,091
During the fifteen years 1865-79 the marriages averaged 7 48
annually in every 1000 inhabitants, the births 37 1 (104 males to
100 females), and the deaths 30 4. The average number of chil
dren (births and still-births) per marriage was 4 68. There is very
little difference in the percentage of the marriages in the urban and
the rural communes ; but in the matter of births and still more in
deaths the urban communes stand higher than the rural. The
following table (VII. ) gives the numbers per 100 of the population:
Marriages.
Births.
Deaths.
Urban.
Rural.
Urban.
Rural.
Urban.
Rural.
1872
0-76
0-74
3-79
3-78
3-22
3 00
1873
0-78
0-80
3-65
3-62
3-22
2-89
1874
0-74
0-77
3-53
3-47
3-34
2 89
1875
0-80
0-86
3-77
3-76
3-33
2-95
1876
0-80
0-81
3-86
3-93
2-92
2-79
1877
0-77
0-77
3-69
3-66
3-07
2-70
1878
0-72
0-70
3-61
3-58
3-16
2-7(5
1879
0-76
0-70
3," 1 1>
3-70
3-13
2-82
Out of 412,981 women married in the years 1878 and 1879, 184
were under fifteen, 3183 were between fifteen and sixteen, 6610
between sixteen and seventeen, 12,067 between seventeen and
eighteen, 20,546 between eighteen and nineteen, and 29,391 between
nineteen and twenty; so that altogether 71,981 were married under,
twenty years of age. Of the men 27 28 per cent, were married
before reaching their twenty-fifth year, and 80 "99 per cent, before
reaching their thirty-fifth year. Although marriages between uncle
and niece and aunt and nephew are forbidden by the civil code, about
127 of this class of marriages are contracted annually under special
licence.
The following tables (VIII., IX.) show the number of legitimate
and illegitimate births in 1878 and 1879, as well as of those placed
in the ntota 3 or e po<ed, and whose parentage is unknown :
3 The ruota or o ndlng-wheel still exists in 1222 of the communes, being
fr.-quent in the Xeapoirnn provinces and Sicily, rare in upper and middle Italy.
Ir has been abolished in -100 communes during the last twenty years. Nor has the
abolition been a * nded w th that increase of infanticid.- which is observed in
France, the Italian law being much less rigid than the French in regard to illegi-
imate paremnce.
XIII. -- 57
