Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/726

692 J I L J I L of the enceinte have been almost entirely removed since the frightful outbreak of cholera among the pilgrims in 1864-65, and the lowest strata of the population now occupy a village without the walls. The sanitary condition of Jiddah still, however, leaves much to be desired, especially in the pilgrim season. The chief defect is the scanty water supply derived from cisterns and wells outside the town. A conduit from the hills has been projected, and would yield a copious stream of excellent water, but the scheme is opposed by the owners of the cisterns, who drive a lucrative trade, a camel-load of water (16 skins of about 7 pints each) costing as much as sixteenpence, or after pro tracted drought much more. The permanent population of Jiddah is very variously estimated. Mr Beyts (Consular Reports, 1875) places it at 30,000, including 2000 Indian settlers, 100 Greeks, Syrians, and Maltese, and 25 Franks; but the Dutch consul in 1879 allows a total of 15,000 only. The native population is of very mixed blood. Jiddah is said to have been founded by Persian merchants in the caliphate of Othnian, but its great commercial pro sperity dates from the beginning of the 15th century, when it became the centre of trade between Egypt and India. Down to the time of Burckhardt the Suez ships went no farther than Jiddah, where they were met by Indian vessels. The introduction of steamers in the Red Sea has deprived Jiddah of its place as an emporium not only for Indian goods but for the products of the Red Sea, which formerly were collected here, but are now largely exported direct by steamer from Hodeida, Suakin, and other ports, though coffee from Yemen and gums from the African coast still pass in considerable quantities through the hands of the Jiddah merchants. The chief exports apart from these are mother of pearl (fished by slave divers) and hides. The chief local manufactures are a coarse cotton fabric, embroideries in gold and silver, lacquer work, beads in black coral, and the like. Boat-building is carried on with great skill. The baggalas of from 50 to 60 tons are built of East Indian wood, and are excellent sailers. The imports of Jiddah are considerable, as the town supplies the interior not only with manufactured goods but with grain and other provisions. See full details of the trade in a valuable paper by the Dutch consul, Mr Kruyt, in Tijdsch. v. h. Aardr. Geiwotsckap (Amsterdam, 1880, No. 5). The total exports and imports for 1879 are valued at 2,201,030. In the same year the port was visited by 241 steamships (213,295 tons) and 1156 sailing vessels (55,932 tons). The harbour is not convenient of -access, but the roadstead when entered is well protected by coral reefs. The introduction of steam traffic, while fatal to other local interests, has given a great impulse to the pilgrim trade, which is now regarded as the annual harvest of Jiddah. The pilgrim steamers are usually chartered by European merchants in conjunction with native capitalists and persons of religious influence. The average number of pilgrims annually landed at the port is not much short of 40,000. For 1879 Mr Kruyt enumerates 7995 Turks, 2286 from the Barbary states, 3459 Egyptians, 8787 Malayans and Javanese, 10,894 Indians, 3506 Persians, 3300 Arabs from Yemen, the Sudan, and other places. In the early years of the present century Jiddah resisted with success repeated attacks of the Wahhabites, and remained in the hands of the grand sherif when he had lost the rest of the Hijaz. It was governed by Egypt during the Arabian wars of Mehemet Ali, but since 1840 has been again occupied by the Turks. There is a Turkish caim-macarn under the waly of the Hijaz and a Turkish cadi, but the sherff through his resident agent exercises an authority practically superior to that of these officials. In 1858 the attempts of England to suppress the slave trade and a supposed insult to the Ottoman flag led to a plot to murder all the Christians in town, which was xecuted with fatal success (15th June), the English consul Page and the French consul Eveillard being among the victims. This outrage was followed by the bombardment of the town by the English man-of-war " Cyclops," and the authorities were compelled publicly to execute the Turkish governor and two leading citizens involved in the plot. For further details see, in addition to the works already cited, jSfiebuhr s Voyage; Burckhardt s Travels in Arabia, vol. i., London, 1829 ; Von Maltzan s Reise nach SiidaraMcn, Brunswick, 1873. See also Kitter, Erdkunde von Arabien, 1847; Zelime, Arabienund die Arabcr, Halle, 1875. JILOLO, GILOLO, or DJILOLO (properly Jailolo or Djailolo, and in the native tongue Halmahem or Ilalcma- hera, i.e., the mother or great land), is one of the larger islands of the East Indian archipelago, forming part ad ministratively of the Dutch residency of Ternate. The equator cuts across the southern peninsula, the most northerly point of the island lying in 2 13 N. lat., and the southern extremity in 52 S. A large proportion of Jilolo is practically terra incognita, though information has somewhat accumulated since Wallace complained in 1856 of the smallness of our knowledge in regard to it. The area is stated at 6410 square miles; the extreme irregularity of the outline, however, renders the estimate a peculiarly precarious one. Jilolo may be said to consist of four peninsulas so arranged as to enclose three great bays (Kaou, Bitjoli, Weda), all opening towards the east, the northern peninsula being connected with the others by an isthmus only 5 miles wide. On the western side of the isthmus lies another bay, that of Dodinga, in the mouth of which are situated the two islands Ternate and Tidore, whose political celebrity so far exceeds that of their larger neighbour Jilolo. To the north-east of the northern peninsula we have the considerable island of Morotai, and to the west of the southern peninsula the far more important island of Batchian. The northern peninsula is full of mountain chains, which give clear evidence of former volcanic activity ; and at least one of the summits, Tolo or Gunong Api (3000 feet), was not quite extinct in the 16th century according to Valentijn s report. At present the crater, as described by Bernstein, is 200 feet deep, and contains a small lake. Gunong Tabello is higher than Tolo, and Gunong Marnuya has a similar altitude. In the south of the peninsula lies a lake, Talaga Lamo (the Tela- galina of Bernstein s account), about 4 or 5 miles long. The principal village is Galela, situated on a bay of the same name on the east coast, in a well-cultivated plain which extends southward and inland. The three remaining peninsulas, which have been less explored, seem to be hardly so mountainous. The whole island is clothed with a prolific vegetation, some of the more important features of which will be found described in Teysmann s paper in the Report of the Botanic Garden at Buitenzorg. Rice is grown by the natives, but the sago tree is of far greater importance to them. The people of Jilolo are for the most part pagans, living in a very backward state of civilization. Attempts to Christianize them have been made with but small success by the mis sionaries of the Utrecht Society, who have their chief stations at Swakenora and Dokolamo, near Lake Talaga Lamo (see Bcrigtcn der Utrcchtsche Zcndingsvcrecniging, 1869). M. Achille Raffray gives the following description of the Halmaherians in Tour du Monde, 1879, where photographs of a number of the natives will be found. "They are as unlike the Malays as we are, excelling them in tallness of stature and elegance of shape, and being perfectly distinguished by their oval face, with a fairly high and open brow, their aquiline nose, and their horizontally placed eyes. Their beards are sometimes thick ; their limbs are muscular ; the colour of their skins is cinnamon brown. Spears of iron-wood, abundantly barbed, and small bows and bamboo arrows free from