Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/727

J I M J I 693 poison are their principal weapons." According to Teysmann they have temples (sabuas) in which they suspend images of serpents and other monsters as well as the trophies procured by Avar. They believe in a better life hereafter, but have no idea of a hell or a devil, their evil spirits only tormenting them in the present state. The Portuguese and Spaniards were better acquainted with Jilolo than with many other parts of the archipelago ; they called it some times Batu China and sometimes Moro. It was circumnavigated by one of their vessels in 1525, and the general outline of the coasts is correctly given in their maps at a time when separate portions of Celebes, such as Macassar and Menado, are represented as distinct islands. The current name of the island (Jilolo) was really that of a native state, the sultan of which had the chief rank among the princes of the Moluccas before he was supplanted by the sultan of Termite about 1380. His capital, Jilolo, lay on the west coast on the first bay to the north of that of Dodinga. In 1876 Danu Hassan, a descendant of the sultans of Jilolo, raised an insurrection in the island for the purpose of throwing off the authority of the sultans of Tidore and Ternate ; and his efforts would probably have been successful but for the intervention of the Dutch. See J. P. C. Cambier, l: Kapport over Tidoreesch-IIalrnahera (1825) ;" " Beknopte Woordenlijst van Talun op Tidoreesch-Halmahera 1 ; and Robide" van der Aa, "VJuchtige Opmerkingen over de Talen der Halmahera groep" all three in Bijdt: tot de T. L. en V. Kunde van N. Ind., 1873 ; Meinicke, " Dr Bernstein s Reise in den Nordl. Molukken," in Petermann s Mittheilungen, 1873; Dr Hamy, " Les Alfourous de Gilolo," in Bull, de la Soc. de Geogr. 1877 (based on informa tion from Raffniy) ; Teysmann, in Jiijdr. tot de T. L. en V. Kunde, 1878, trans lated in Annales de ( Extreme Orient, 1879. JIMENES, or XIMENES, DE CISNEKOS, FRANCISCO (14.36-1517), cardinal and statesman, was born in 1436 at Torrelaguna in Castile, of good but poor family. He studied at Alcala de Henares and afterwards at Salamanca ; and in 1459, having entered holy orders, he went to Rome. Returning to Spain in 1465, he brought with him an " expective " letter from the pope, in virtue of which he took possession of the archpriestship of Uzeda in the diocese of Toledo in 1473. Carillo, archbishop of Toledo, opposed him, and on his obstinate refusal to give way threw him into prison. For six years Jimenes held out, and at length in 1480 Carillo restored him to his benefice. This Jimenes exchanged almost at once for a chaplaincy at Siguenza, under Cardinal Mendoza, .bishop of Siguenza, who shortly appointed him vicar-general of the diocese. In that position Jimenes won golden opinions from ecclesiastic and layman ; and he seemed to be on the sure road to distinction among the secular clergy, when he abruptly resolved to become a monk. Throwing up all his benefices, and changing his baptismal name Gonzales for that of Francisco, he entered the Franciscan monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, recently founded by Ferdinand and Isabella at Toledo. Not content with the ordinary severi ties of the noviciate, he added voluntary austerities. He slept on the bare ground, wore a hair-shirt, doubled his fasts, and scourged himself with much fervour ; indeed throughout his whole life, even when at the acme of his greatness, his private life was most rigorously ascetic. The report of his sanctity brought crowds to confess to him ; but from them he retired to the lonely monastery of Our Lady of Castailar ; and he even built with his own hands a rude hut in the neighbouring woods, in which he lived at times as an anchorite. He was afterwards guardian of a monastery at Salzeda. Meanwhile Mendoza (now arch bishop of Toledo) had not forgotten him; and in 1492 he recommended him to Isabella as her confessor. The queen sent for Jimenes, was pleased with him, and to his great reluctance forced the office upon him. The post was politically important, for Isabella submitted to the judg ment of her father-confessor not only her private affairs but also matters of state. Jimenes s severe sanctity soon won him considerable influence over Isabella ; and thus it was that he first emerged into political life. In 1494 the queen s confessor was appointed provincial of the order of St Francis, and at once set about reducing the laxity of the Conventual to the strictness of the Observantine Franciscans. As was to be expected, intense opposition was offered, and continued even after Jimenes became arch bishop of Toledo. The general of the order himself came from Rome to interfere with the archbishop s measures of reform, but the stern inflexibility of Jimenes, backed by the influence of the queen, met and subdued every obstacle. Cardinal Mendoza had died in 1495, and Isabella had secretly procured a papal bull nominating her confessor to his diocese of Toledo, the richest and most powerful in Spain, second perhaps to no other dignity of the Roman church save the papacy. Long and sincerely Jimenes strove to evade the honour ; but his nolo episcopari was after six months overcome by a second bull ordering him to accept consecration. With the primacy of Spain was associated the lofty dignity of high chancellor of Castile ; but Jimenes still maintained his lowly life ; and, although a message from Rome required him to live in a style befitting his rank, the outward pomp only concealed his private asceticism, just as his splendid robes covered his monk s frock. In 1499 Jimenes accompanied the court to Granada, and there eagerly joined the mild and pious Archbishop Talavera in his efforts to convert the Moors. Talavera had begun with gentle measures, but Jimenes preferred to proceed by haranguing the fakihs, or doctors of religion, and loading them with gifts. Outwardly the latter method was successful ; in two months the converts were so numerous that they had to be baptized by aspersion. The indignation of the unconverted Moors swelled into open revolt. Jimenes was besieged in his house, and the utmost difficulty was found in quieting the city. Baptism or exile was offered to the Moors as a punishment for rebellion. The majority accepted baptism ; and Isabella, who had been momentarily annoyed at her archbishop s imprudence, was satisfied that he had done good service to Christianity. On November 26, 1504, Isabella died. Ferdinand at once resigned the title of king of Castile in favour of his daughter Joan and her husband the archduke Philip, assuming instead that of regent. Philip was keenly jealous of Ferdinand s pretensions to the regency ; and it required all the tact of Jimenes to bring about a friendly interview between the princes. Ferdinand finally retired from Castile; and, though Jimenes remained, his political weight was less than before. The sudden death of Philip in September 1506 quite overset the already tottering intellect of his wife ; his son and heir Charles was still a child ; and Ferdinand was at Naples. The nobles of Castile, mutually jealous, agreed to entrust affairs to the archbishop of Toledo, who, moved more by patriotic regard for his country s welfare than by special friendship for Ferdinand, strove to establish the final influence of that king in Castile. Ferdinand did not return till August 1507; and with him he brought a cardinal s hat for Jimenes. Shortly after wards the new cardinal of Spain was appointed grand in quisitor-general for Castile and Leon. See INQUISITION. The next great event in the cardinal s life was the expe dition against the Moorish city of Oran in the north of Africa, in which his religious zeal was supported by the prospect of the political and material gain that would accrue to Spain from the possession of such a station. A pre liminary expedition, equipped, like the following, at the expense of Jimenes, captured the port of Mers-el-Kebir in 1506 ; and in 1509 a strong force, accompanied by the cardinal in person (now in his seventy-second year), set sail for Africa, and in one day the wealthy city was taken by storm. Though the army remained to make fresh conquests, Jimenes returned to Spain, and occupied himself with tha administration of his diocese, and in endeavouring to recover from the regent the expenses of his Oran expedition. On January 23, 1516, Ferdinand died, leaving Jimenes as regent of Castile for Charles (afterwards Charles A 7 .), then a youth of sixteen in the Netherlands. Though Jimenes at once took firm hold of the reins of government, and ruled