Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/806

772 J U L J U M ander an interdict. The results of the league soon out stripped the primary intention of Julius. By the single battle of Agnadello the dominion of Venice in Italy was practically lost; but, as neither the king of France nor the emperor was satisfied with merely effecting the purposes of the pope, the latter found it necessary to enter into a com bination with the Venetians to defend himself from those who immediately before had been his allies against them. The Venetians on making humble submission were absolved in the beginning of 1510, and shortly afterwards France was placed under the papal ban. Attempts to bring about a rupture between France and England proved unsuccessful; on the other hand, at a synod convened by Louis at Tours in September 1510 the French bishops withdrew from the papal obedience, and resolved, with Maximilian s co opera tion, to seek the deposition of Julius. In November 1511 a council actually met for this object at Pisa. Julius here upon entered into the Holy League with Ferdinand of Aragon and the Venetians against France, in which both Henry VI I L and the emperor ultimately joined. He also convened a general council (that afterwards known as the Fifth Lateran) to be held at Rome in 1512, which, accord ing to an oath taken on his election, he had bound himself to summon, but which had been delayed, he affirmed, on account of the occupation of Italy by his enemies. In 1512 the French were driven across the Alps, but it was at ihe cost of the occupation of Italy by the other powers, and Julius, though he had securely established the papal authority in the states immediately around Rome, was practically as far as ever from realizing his dream of an independent Italian kingdom when he died of fever in February 1513. The abilities and ambition of Julius were regal and military rather than in any sense ecclesiastical, He was more concerned for his own personal fame as a member of the family of Delia Rovere than for the advancement of the influence and authority of the church. His dauntless spirit, his mastery of political stratagem, and his moral indifference in the choice of means rendered him the most prominent political figure of his time. While, however, his political and warlike achievements would alone entitle him to rank amongst the most remarkable of the occupants of the papal chair, his chief title to honour is to be found in his patron age of art and literature. He did much to improve and beautify the city; in 1506 he laid the foundation stone of St Peter s ; and he was the friend and patron of Bra- mante, Raphael, and Michelangelo. He was succeeded by Leo X. See Dumesnil, Histoire de Jules II. , Paris, 1873 ; Brosch, Papst Juliiis II., Gotha, 1878. JULIUS III., pope from 1550 to 1555, was born at Rome in 1487. He was of good family, his original name being Gian Maria del Monte. After attaining the dignity of archbishop of Siponto, he was in 1536 created cardinal by Paul III., by whom he was employed on several important legations ; he was one of the presidents of the council of Trent during its session at Bologna in April 1547. In 1550 he was unanimously chosen successor of Paul III. He consented, at the request of the emperor Charles V., to the reopening of the council of Trent (in 1551), and he also entered into a league with him against the duke of Parma and Henry II. of France ; but soon afterwards he deemed it advisable to make terms with his enemies, and in 1552 he again suspended the meetings of the council. From this time pope Julius seems to have lost interest both in political and ecclesiastical affairs ; formerly he had acquired a reputation for impetuous energy as well as austerity, but he now exchanged these qualities for a love of luxurious ease, comporting him self at the entertainments given by him in his palace in a manner fitted to shock preconceived ideas of eccle siastical propriety. He also aroused much scandal by creating as his first cardinal a youth of sixteen years of age, one of his pages, on account of the courage he had displayed when bitten by a monkey. The adornment of his palace and the laying out of its grounds occupied a large share of his attention, and have done more to make him remembered than his strictly pontifical procedure. Julius was a friend of the Jesuits, to whom he granted a fresh confirmation in 1550. He was succeeded by Mar- cellus II. JULY", the seventh month in our present calendar, con sists of thirty-one days. It was originally the fifth month of the year, and as such was called by the Romans Quinc- tilis. The later name of Julius was given in honour of Julius Caesar (who was born in the month), and came into use in the year of his death. Our Anglo-Saxon ancestors called July Msed-mondd , " mead month," from the meadows being then in their bloom ; and aftera LicTa, " the latter mild month," in contradistinction to June, which they named "the former mild month." The principal days I now observed and noted in this month are the following : I July 3d, Dog Days begin; July 15th, St Swithin; and July 25th, St James. JUMET, or JUMETZ, a town and commune of Belgium, in the arrondissement of Charleroi and the province of Hainault, is situated about 4 miles north-east of Charleroi. Its manufactures include glass-bottles, knives, nails, and hats ; and there are extensive coal-mines in the neighbourhood. The population of the commune in 1876 was v 20,102. JUMIEGES, or JUMIEGES, a village of France, in the department of Seine Infe rieure and arrondissement of Rouen, about 16 miles south-west of Rouen, in one of the peninsulas formed by the winding of the Seine. The population was less than 2000 in 1876; but the place is | famous for the imposing ruins of the abbey of Jumieges I (Latinized as Gemeticum, Gemedium, Gimegise, Jumedica, &c.), one of the great establishments of the Benedictine order. The principal remains are those of the Church of the Virgin, which had a central tower, the magnitude of which may be judged by one of the sustaining arches still extant. Among the minor relics are the stone which once covered the grave of Agnes Sorel, and two recumbent statues of the 13th century, popularly known as the nerves, and explained by a baseless legend which makes them represent two sons of Clovis II. , who were punished for revolt against their father by having the tendons of their arms and legs cut through, and being set adrift in a boat on the Seine. The foundation of the abbey of Jumieges is generally assigned to St Philbert, 664 A.D., whose name is still to be read on gold and silver coins obtained from the site. It was to Jumieges that abbot Sturm of Fulda was relegated (760-62), and thither it was that Charlemagne sent Thassilo, the captive duke of Bavaria, and his son Theodo. The 9th century was a period of pillage and disaster for the abbey, but the llth and 12th centuries saw it raised to new splendour and greatness. One of its monks, Robert Champart, became, under Edward the Confessor, bishop of London and arch bishop of Canterbury. Returning to die in his abbey (1052), he brought with him an Anglo-Saxon missal and pontifical, which are still preserved in the public library of Rouen. For further details see Mabillon, Ada Sand. ord. S. Benedicti, torn. ii. ; W. Calcul (a monk of Jumieges), Hist. Norm., apud Duchesne; Deshayes, Hist, de Vabbaye rot/ale de Jumieges, Rouen, 1829 ; Langlois, Essai fur Us fincrves de Jumieges, Rouen, 1838 ; Cochet, La Seine In fer ieure, Paris, 1864. JUMILLA, a town of Spain, in the province of Murcia, is situated 37 miles north-north-west of Murcia, at the foot of a hill whose summit is crowned by a citadel. The streets are regular, clean, and well-paved, and there are three squares. Jumilla possesses two parish churches of some architectural merit, the church of Santiago in the Corinthian