Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/807

J U N 773 style being adorned with paintings of Rubens and other artists of fame, and with some beautiful frescoes. There is also a Franciscan convent and a hospital. The town is chiefly dependent on agriculture, but has corn and oil mills, brick-kilns, and manufactories of salt, coarse cloth, soap, and firearms. The population in 1877 was 13,886. JUMNA, or JAMUNA, one of the large rivers of northern India, rises in the Himdlayas in Garhwal state, about 5 miles north of Jamnotri hot springs, in 31 3 N. lat. and 78 30 E. long. The stream first flows south for 7 miles, then south-west for 32 miles, and afterwards due south for 26 miles, receiving several small tributaries in its course. It afterwards turns sharply to the west for 14 miles, when it is joined by the large river Tons from the north. The Jumna here emerges from the Himdlayas into the valley of the Dun, and flows in a south-westerly direction for 22 miles, dividing the Kiarda Dun on the west from the Dehra Dun on the east. It then, in the 95th mile of its course, forces its way through the Siwalik hills, and debouches upon , the plains of India at Faizabad in Saharanpur district. By this time a large river, it gives off, near Faizabad, both the eastern and western Jumna canals. From Faizabad the river flows for 65 miles in a south-south-west direction, receiving the Maskarra stream from the east. Near Bidhauli, in M^affarnagar district, it turns due south for 80 miles to Delhi city ; thence south-east for 27 miles to near Dankaur, receiving the waters of the Katha-nadi and Hiudan river on the east, and of the Sabi-nadi on the east. From Dankaur it resumes its southerly course for 100 miles to Mahaban near Muttra, where it turns eastwards for nearly 200 miles, passing the towns of Agra, Firozabad, and Etawah, receiving on its left bank the Karwan-nadi, and on its right the Utanghan. From Etawah it flows 140 miles south-east to Hamirpur, being joined by the Sengon on its north bank, and on the south by the great river Chambal from the west, and by the Sind. From Hamirpur, the Jumna flows nearly due east, until it enters Allahabad district and passes Allahabad city, 3 miles below which it falls into the Ganges in 25 25 N. lat. and 81 55 E. long. In this last part of its course it receives the waters of the Betwa and the Ken. The Jumna, after issuing from the hills, has a longer course through the North- Western Provinces than the Ganges, but it is not so large nor so important a river; and above Agra in the hot weather it dwindles to a small stream. This is no doubt partly caused by the eastern and western Jumna canals, of which the former was excavated in 1823-30, and in its course of 130 miles irrigated, in 1875-76, 195,846 acres of the districts of Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, and Meerut, in the North-Western Pro vinces ; while the latter, consisting of the reopened channels of two canals dating from about 1350 and 1628 respectively, extends for 405 miles through the districts of Ambdla, Karnul, Delhi, and Rohtak in the Punjab, irrigating (1872-73) 351,820 acres. The trade on the Jumna is not now very considerable ; in its upper portion timber, and in the lower stone, grain, and cotton are the chief articles of commerce, carried in the clumsy barges which navigate its stream. Its waters are clear and blue, while those of the Ganges are yellow and muddy ; the difference between the streams can be discerned for some distance below the point at which they unite. Its banks are high and rugged, often attain ing the proportions of cliffs, and the ravines which run into it are deeper and larger than those of the Ganges. It traverses the extreme edge of the alluvial plain of Hindustan, and in the latter part of its course it almost touches the Bundelkhand offshoots of the Vindhya range of mountains. Its passage is therefore more tortuous, and the scenery along its banks is more varied and pleasing, than is the case with the Ganges. The Jumna at its source near Jamnotri is 10,849 feet above the sea-level; at Kotnur, 16 miles lower, it is only 5036 feet ; so that, between these two places, it falls at the rate of 314 feet in a mile. At its junction with the Tons it is 1686 feet above the sea ; at its junction with the Asan, 1470 feet; and at the point where it issues from the Siwalik hills into the plains, it is 1276 feet. The catch ment area of the river is 118,000 square miles ; its flood discharge at Allahabad is estimated at 1,333,000 cubic feet per second. The Jumna is crossed by railway bridges at Delhi, Agra, and Allahabad, while bridges of boats are stationed at Etawah, Kalpi, Hamirpur, Muttra, Chillatdra, and many other places. JUNAGARH, a native state in Kathiawar, in the pro vince of Guzerat, Bombay presidency, India, is situated between 20 48 and 21 40 N. lat., and between 69 55 and 71 35 E. long. The state, which comprises an estimated area of 3800 square miles, consists of a level plain, with the exception of the Girnar group of hills, sacred to Jainism, the highest peak of which rises to about 3500 feet above sea-level. The coast-line is well supplied with fair-weather harbours, of which the chief are Verawal, Nawabandar, and Sutrapora. The ruined but famous temple of Somnath is situated in the state. The estimated population in 1872 was 380,921, residing in eight hundred and ninety villages. The principal agricultural products are cotton (largely exported to Bombay for re-export), wheat, pulses and millets, oilseeds, and sugar-cane. The manufactures are oil and coarse cotton cloth. The esti mated revenue is 200,000. Junagarh town, the fortified capital of the state, situated in 21 31 N. lat., 70 36 30" E. long., has an estimated population of 20,025. Prior to 1746 Junagarh was a Rajput state ruled by chiefs of the Churasuma tribe, but in that year it was conquered by Sultan Muhammad Begara of Ahmadabad. In Akbar s reign it be came a dependency of the court of Delhi, under the immediate authority of the Mughal viceroy of Guzerat. About 1735, when the representative of the Mughals had lost his authority in Guzerat, Sher Khan Babi, a soldier of fortune under the viceroy, expelled the Mughal governor and established his own rule. Sher Khan s son, Salabat Khan, appointed his heir chief of Junagarh, assigning to his younger sons the lands of Bantwa. Though him self tributary to the gaekwar of Baroda and the British Govern ment, the nawab of Junagarh receives yearly contributions, called zortalabi, from a large number of the petty chiefs in Kathiawar. This levy, which is collected and paid to the nawab by British officers of the Kathiawar agency, is a relic of the days of Mahometan supremacy. Junagarh ranks as a first class state among the many chiefships of Kathiawar, and its ruler first entered into engagements with the British in 1807. JUNE, the sixth month in our present calendar, consists of thirty days. Ovid, in his fasti (vi. 25), makes Juno assert that the name was expressly given in her honour : " Ne tamen ignores vulgique errore traharis, Junius a nostro nomine nomen habet." In another part of the Fasti (vi. 87) he gives the derivation a junioribiis, as May had been derived from Majores. Others connect the term with the gentile name Junius, or with the consulate of Junius Brutus. Pro bably, however, it has an agricultural reference, and origin ally denoted the month in which crops grow to ripeness. In the old Latin calendar June was the fourth month, and in the so-called year of Romulus it is said to have had thirty days ; but at the time of the Julian reform of the calendar its days were only twenty-nine. To these Cajsar added the thirtieth, which it still retains. The Anglo-Saxons had several names for the month of June. They called it "the dry month," "midsummer month," and, in contradistinction to July, "the earlier mild month." The summer solstice occurs in June. The principal days now observed in this month are the following :