Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/260

248 A T N A U debts the percentage would scarcely be above 3. The whole national and local debt could be paid off by about two-thirds of a year s income ; as they could be also by the produce of three years exports. The national capital of France may be roughly estimated at 7500 millions sterling, to which the debt, 960 millions, bears the large proportion of 12 - 8 per cent., while if the local debts be included the proportion rises to 14J per cent. The income of France may be taken at 950 millions, to which the annual charge of the debt bears the proportion of 3 65 per cent., and that of the local debts would raise it to 4 at least. It would take nearly five years even of the proceeds of the " general exports " of France to pay off the national debt. The national capital and income of the United States increase with unexampled rapidity. The former cannot be less at present than 7000 millions, and the latter 1500 millions (more than even that of the United Kingdom). The national debt is 5 per cent, of the former, and the total federal and State debts only 6 per cent., while the interest (including that of the Pacific Railway loans, for which there are reimbursements), 17,775,000, is only 1 2 percent, of the rapidly increasing income. One-fourth of a year s income would pay off the whole of the debt. If we take the total debts of the German empire and all the states at 300 millions, and the national capital at 4500 millions, we find the former only 6 per cent, of the latter. Belgium and Jiolland are equally favourably situated in this respect, while in the Scandinavian countries the proportion of debt to national capital is only about 2 per cent. Coming to Russia, we find the debt bears the enormous proportion of 23 per cent, to the approxi mate national capital, while the interest is 5 per cent, of the national income. Estimating the latter at 560 millions, we see that one year would not suffice to pay off the 640 millions of debt. Austria-Hungary is not quite so bad, as the debt is only 17 per cent, of the capital, and it could be nearly paid off by a year s income. Italy seems even in a worse state than Russia, as her debt is esti mated at 27 per cent, of her capital, which it would take two years income to pay off, while Spain and Portugal (even with the greatly reduced principal of the former) have a combined debt amounting to 29 per cent, of their united national capitals. India and the British colonies are nearly as favourably situated in this respect as the mother-country, while the rapid development of the enormous resources of Canada and the Australian colonies tends constantly to diminish the proportion of debt to capital. Other elements which ought to be taken into consideration in estimating the real burden of national debt, besides the above and the increased development of the world s resources, are the increase of population and the depreciation of the precious metals. Thus, while the annual charge of the British debt per head was 34s. 8d. in 1815, it was only 16s. lOd. in 1882, and this not solely from the decrease of the debt, but even more largely by the increase of the population. Moreover, owing to the decreased value of money, 16s. lOd. in 1882 is in reality very considerably less than the half of 34s. 8d. in 1815. Thus even by the operation of the unearned in crement, not to speak of the increasing value of reproductive investment, the natural tendency is for the actual burden of national debt to decrease every year, unless it is recklessly increased by fresh loans. See Leroy-Beaulieu, Traite 1 de la Science des Finances ; Ran, Finanzwissen- ichaft ; M Culloch, On Taxation and the Funding System ; Hamilton, Inquiry concerning the Rise and Progress of the English Debt; Taylor, History of Taxation in England; Fenn, Compendium of English and Foreign Funds ; A. Johnstone Wilson, The National Budget; Dudley Baxter, National Debts, and his paper in theStat. Soc. Jour., 1874; The Statesman s Year-Book, 1883; M. Block, Annuaire de rUconomie Politique et de la Statistique, 1883 ; Dictionnaire General de Poli- tique; and Statistique de la France comparee avec les divers pays de r Europe , Cohen, Compendium of Finances; J. Gamier, Traite de Finances; papers by Leone Levi (1862), Hyde Clarke, and K. Giffen (1878), and others in Jour, of Stat. Soc. ; paper by Ernest Seyd, in Soc. of Arts Jour., 1878 ; the parliamentary reports on Public Income and Expenditure, 1688-1869. (J. S. K.) NATOLIA, or ANATOLIA. See ASIA MINOR. NATRON. See SODA. NATURALIZATION. See ALIEN. NAUDti, GABRIEL (1600-1653), French librarian and scholar, was born at Paris in February 160D. An intense love for books caused him to accept, when only twenty years of age, the appointment of librarian to the president De Mesines, whom he left in 1626 to finish his medical studies at Padua. On returning to Paris in 1628 he was chosen to deliver a panegyrical discourse on the medical school. The credit thus acquired brought him under the notice of Cardinal Bagni, who took -him to Rome and gave him charge of his collection. On Bagni s death in 1641 he became librarian to Cardinal Barberrai, under whose patronage he commenced a wearisome controversy with the Benedictines concerning the authorship of De Imitatione Christi. Richelieu, wishing to secure the services of Naude, recalled him to Paris in 164.2, but, the great minister dying a few months later, Naud6 accepted a similar offer on the part of Mazarin, and for the next ten years his unwearied energy was directed to the task of bringing together that noble assemblage of books since known as the Bibliotheque Mazarine (see LIBRARIES, vol. xiv. p. 525), making for the purpose expeditions to all parts of Europe. The troubles of the Fronde caused him to assent to the wish of Queen Christina that he should become her librarian at Stockholm. He was not happy in Sweden, however, and on Mazarin s appeal that he should reform his scattered library Naud6 returned at once. But his health was altogether broken, and he died on the journey at Abbeville in July 1653. The friend of Gui Patin, Gassendi, and all the liberal thinkers of his time, Naud6 was no mere bookworm ; each of his books shows traces of the critical spirit which made him a worthy member of the company of humorists and scholars who prepared the way for the better known writers of the " siecle de Louis XIV. " Including works edited by him, a list of ninety-two pieces is given in the Naudazana. The chief are Le Marfore, ou discours contre les libelles, Paris, 1620, very rare, reprinted 1868; Instruction a la France sur la verite de Vhistoirc des Freres de la Rozc-Croix, 1623, 1624, displaying their impostures ; Apologie pour tons les grands personnages faussement soup^cmnez de magie, 1625, 1652, 1669, 1712, Pythagoras, Socrates, Thomas Aquinas, and Solomon are among those defended ; Advispour dresser une bibliotheque, 1627, 1644, 1676, translated by J. Evelyn, 1661, full of sound and liberal views on librarianship ; Addition a I histoire de Louys XI., 1630 (this includes an account of the origin of printing) ; Bibliographies politica, Venice, 1633, &c. , in French 1642, a mere essay of no bibliographical value ; De studio liberali syntagma, 1632, 1645, a practical treatise found in most collections of directions for studies ; De studio militari syntagma, 1637, esteemed in its day ; Considera tions politiques sur les coups d etat, Rome [Paris], 1639, first edition rare, augmented by Dumay, 1752 (this contains an apology for the massacre of St Bartholomew); Biblioth. Cordesianee Catalogus, 1643, classified ; Jugement de tout ce que a et6 imprime contre le Card. Mazarin [1649], Naude s best work, and one of the ablest defences of Mazarin ; it is written in the form of a dialogue between Saint- Ange and Mascurat, and is usually known under the name of the latter. Authorities. L. Jacob, O. Naudxi tumulus, 1659 ; P. Halle , Elogium Naudxi, 1661 ; Niceron, Me moires, vol. ix.; L. Jacob, Traicte des plus belles bihliotheques, 1644; Gui Patin, Letlres, 1846; Xaudxana et Patiniana, 1703; Sainte-Beuve, Portraits Lift., vol. ii.; Revue des Deux Mondes, 1836 ; A. Franklin, Histoire de la Bibl. Mazarine, 1860. NAUMACHIA, the Greek word denoting a naval battle, was used by the Romans as the name for mimic sea-fights which were shown as a spectacle to the public. The first that is recorded was given by Julius Caesar on an artificial lake which he constructed in the Campus Martius. After this naumachiae became a favourite spectacle for the emperors to give to the people. Claudius made a great one on the Lacus Fucinus, Nero another in the amphitheatre at Rome. Gladiators or condemned criminals fought in these battles ; in later times even volunteers took part in them. The combatants were often dressed in costume : Augustus showed a naumachia of Athenians and Persians ; Titus acted a sea-fight between Corinth and Corcyra. NAUMBURG, the chief town of a circle in the district of Merseburg, Prussian Saxony, and the seat of the pro vincial law courts, is pleasantly situated on the Saale, near its j unction with the Unstrut, in the centre of an amphi theatre of vine-clad hills. The cathedral, an imposing building in the Romanesque Transition style (1207-42), has a Gothic choir at each end, and contains some interesting mediaeval sculptures. There are also three other Protestant churches, a Roman Catholic church, a gymnasium, a real- school, an orphanage, and two or three hospitals. The town-hall was originally the residence of the bishop. The inhabitants, who in 1880 numbered 17,868, are chiefly employed in producing wine (12,000 gallons yearly), but also manufacture cotton and woollen fabrics, chemicals, combs, and leather. Trade, facilitated by the navigable river, is