Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/261

A U N A V 249 mainly concerned with wine, grain, vegetables, and dried fruit. An annual fair, founded by the emperor Maximilian in 1514, is still held here, but is now of little importance. Near Naumburg are Rosen, a favourite watering-place, and the celebrated school of Schulpforta, which has perhaps the strongest claim to the title of a German Eton. In the 10th century Naumburg was a stronghold of the mar graves of Meissen, who in 1029 transferred to it the bishopric of Zeitz for protection against the Wends. In Saxon history Naum burg is memorable as the scene of various treaties ; and in 1561 an assembly of Protestant princes was held there, which made a futile attempt to cement the dissensions of the Protestants on doctrinal points. In 1564 the last bishop died, and the bishopric fell to the elector of Saxony. In 1631 the town was taken by Tilly, and in 1632 by Gustavus Adolphus. It became Prussian in 1814. An annual festival, with a procession of children, is referred to an apocryphal siege of the town by the Hussites in 1432, but is prob ably connected with an incident in the Brothers War, between elector Frederick of Saxony and his brother Duke William (1447- 51). Lepsius the antiquary and his more distinguished son the Egyptologist were born at Naumburg. NAUPACTUS. See LEPANTO. NAUPLIA, a town in the Peloponnesus, at the head of the Argolic Gulf. In the classical period it was a place of no importance, and when Pausanias lived, about 150 A.D., it was deserted. At a very early time, however, it seems to have been of greater note, being the seaport of the plain in which Argos and Mycenae are situated. A hero Nauplius took part in the Argonautic expedition ; another was king of Eubcea. The mythic importance of the town revived in the Middle Ages, when it became one of the chief cities of the Morea. It was captured in 1211 by Godfrey Villehardouin with the help of Venetian ships ; a French dynasty ruled in it for some time, and established the feudal system in the country. In 1388 the Venetians bought Argos and Nauplia. In the wars between Venice and the Turks it often changed masters. It was given to the Turks at the peace concluded in 1540; it was recap tured by Venice in 1686, and Palamidhi on the hill over hanging the town was made a great fortress. In 1715 it was taken by the Turks; in 1770 the Russians occupied it for a short time. The Greeks captured it during the war of independence on December 12, 1822, and it was the seat of the Greek administration till 1833, when Athens became the capital of the country. The population in 1879 was 4598. NAUTILUS. For the Paper Nautilus (Argonauta argo) see vol. vi. p. 736 ; and for the Pearly Nautilus (N. pom- pilius) see vol. xvi. p. 670 sq. NAVARINO, or NEOCASTRO, a seaport of the Morea, Greece, in the nomarchy of Messenia, stands on the south shore of the Bay of Navarino, in 36 54 N. lat. and 21 41 E. long. It consists of a citadel, situated on a high rock, and a lower town, the whole being surrounded by a wall. The population is under 2000. The bay, one of the best harbours in Greece, about 4 miles in length by 2 in breadth, with a depth ranging from 12 to 26 fathoms, is protected towards the west by the long and narrow island of Sphagia, the ancient Sphacteria, to the south-east of which lies the entrance, now nearly a mile wide, but anciently much narrower (Thucyd. iv. 8). The word Navarino is explained as equivalent to Avarino, and is said to record an Avar settlement made here in the 6th century. The name Neocastro distinguishes the place from Palfeocastro, the alleged site of the ancient Pylus, on the northern shore of the bay. Sphacteria was the scene of the famous blockade and defeat of the Spartans in 425 B. c. ; and it was by the victory of the combined fleets of Great Britain, France, and Russia over those of Turkey and Egypt in the Bay of Navarino on October 27, 1827, that the inde pendence of Greece was virtually secured. NAVARRA, an inland province of northern Spain, lies between 41 57 and 43 18 N. lat., and between 40 and 1 15 50" W. long., its greatest length from north to south being 90 miles, its breadth from east to west 86 miles, and its area 4046 square miles. The population in 1877 was 304,184. It is bounded on the N. by France (Basses Pyre ne es), on the E. by Huesca and Zaragoza, on the S. by Zaragoza and Logrono, and on the W. by Alava and Guipuzcoa. It is traversed from east to west by the Pyrenees and by the Cantabrian mountains, their continua tion in the west ; and almost the whole of the province is overrun by the ramifications of this great central cordillera, which on the north-east especially presents an almost impassable barrier, and encloses numberless secluded past oral valleys. From Navarra there are only three practic able roads for carriages into France, those by the Puerta de Vera, the Puerta de Maya, and Roncesvalles. The highest summits in the province are those of Altoviscar (5380 feet) and Adi (5220 feet). Southward of a line drawn from Sanguesa by Tafalla to Estella the country presents a series of descending but comparatively level terraces, until the Ebro is reached. The chief river flowing towards the Atlantic is the Bidasoa, which rises near the Puerta de Maya, and after flowing southwards through the valley of Baztan takes a north-easterly course, and for a short distance above its outfall at Fuenterrabia constitutes the frontier between France and Spain (Guipuzcoa) ; by far the larger portion of the province has its drainage to the Mediterranean through the Ebro, whose main feeders there are the Ega and the Aragon with its tributary the Arga. The geology of the province will be best explained in connexion with that of the Pyrensean system and of the country as a whole. Gypsum, limestone, freestone, and marble are quarried ; there are also mines of copper (near Leiza), lead (Leiza and Vera), and iron (Goizueta and the valley of Aezcoa), employing a considerable popula tion ; and rock-salt is mined at Funes and Valtierra. There are numerous mineral and thermal springs, but none of more than local fame. The hilly districts are almost entirely appropriated to forests and pasture, the most common trees being the pine, beech, oak, and chestnut. Much of the lower part of the province is well adapted for agriculture, producing the various cereals in remunerative abundance ; the principal fruit grown is the apple, from which cider is made in some districts ; hemp, flax, and oil also occur, and the cultivation of the mulberry for the silk worm is not unknown. Game, both large and small, is abundant in the mountains, not even the bear being wholly extinct ; and the streams abound with trout and other fish. The manufactures of the province, which are not important, include cloth and paper ; wool, iron, salt, hides, and liquorice are the chief exports. Administra tively Navarra is divided into five " merindades " or departments, those of Pamplona, Tafalla, Olite, Estella, and Sanguesa. The capital is Pamplona, with a popula tion of 25,630. It is connected by rail on the west with Alsasua on the trunk line between Madrid and San Sebastian, and with the Ebro valley in the south. There are no other railways in the province. Besides Pamplona, the only ayuntamiento with a population exceeding 10,000 is Tudela (10,086) ; Baztan comes next with 9931. Navarra, or Navarre, along with Guipuzcoa, at the time of the Roman conquest formed the territory of the Vascones, which after wards became part of Hispania Tarraconensis. Never thoroughly subjugated by the Romans, the Basques or Navarrese offered con siderable resistance to the Visigothic kings in the 5th and 6th centuries, and afterwards in the 8th, with more success, to the Moors. In 778 Charlemagne succeeded in imposing his yoke upon them, but with the assistance of their old enemies they soon after wards asserted their independence of the Franks. Garcias Ximenez (860) is named as having been their first king. In the beginning of the llth century Sancho III., el Mayor, had made himself sove reign of Castile and Leon as well as of Sobrarve and Aragon, but before his death in 1035 divided his extensive dominions into four unequal parts, Navarre being assigned to his son Garcia III. Garcia s son Sancho IV. was overthrown in 1076 by a cousin, Sancho I. of Aragon, in whose line the two crowns remained united XVII. 32